cvs.zerfleddert.de Git - proxmark3-svn/blob - client/cmdlf.c

   1 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   2 // Copyright (C) 2010 iZsh <izsh at fail0verflow.com>
   3 //
   4 // This code is licensed to you under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or,
   5 // at your option, any later version. See the LICENSE.txt file for the text of
   6 // the license.
   7 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
   8 // Low frequency commands
   9 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  10
  11 #include <stdio.h>
  12 #include <stdlib.h>
  13 #include <string.h>
  14 #include <limits.h>
  15 #include "proxmark3.h"
  16 #include "data.h"
  17 #include "graph.h"
  18 #include "ui.h"
  19 #include "cmdparser.h"
  20 #include "cmdmain.h"
  21 #include "cmddata.h"
  22 #include "cmdlf.h"
  23 #include "cmdlfhid.h"
  24 #include "cmdlfti.h"
  25 #include "cmdlfem4x.h"
  26 #include "cmdlfhitag.h"
  27 #include "cmdlft55xx.h"
  28 #include "cmdlfpcf7931.h"
  29 #include "cmdlfio.h"
  30
  31 static int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd);
  32
  33 /* send a command before reading */
  34 int CmdLFCommandRead(const char *Cmd)
  35 {
  36   static char dummy[3];
  37
  38   dummy[0]= ' ';
  39
  40   UsbCommand c = {CMD_MOD_THEN_ACQUIRE_RAW_ADC_SAMPLES_125K};
  41   sscanf(Cmd, "%"lli" %"lli" %"lli" %s %s", &c.arg[0], &c.arg[1], &c.arg[2],(char*)(&c.d.asBytes),(char*)(&dummy+1));
  42   // in case they specified 'h'
  43   strcpy((char *)&c.d.asBytes + strlen((char *)c.d.asBytes), dummy);
  44   SendCommand(&c);
  45   return 0;
  46 }
  47
  48 int CmdFlexdemod(const char *Cmd)
  49 {
  50   int i;
  51   for (i = 0; i < GraphTraceLen; ++i) {
  52     if (GraphBuffer[i] < 0) {
  53       GraphBuffer[i] = -1;
  54     } else {
  55       GraphBuffer[i] = 1;
  56     }
  57   }
  58
  59 #define LONG_WAIT 100
  60   int start;
  61   for (start = 0; start < GraphTraceLen - LONG_WAIT; start++) {
  62     int first = GraphBuffer[start];
  63     for (i = start; i < start + LONG_WAIT; i++) {
  64       if (GraphBuffer[i] != first) {
  65         break;
  66       }
  67     }
  68     if (i == (start + LONG_WAIT)) {
  69       break;
  70     }
  71   }
  72   if (start == GraphTraceLen - LONG_WAIT) {
  73     PrintAndLog("nothing to wait for");
  74     return 0;
  75   }
  76
  77   GraphBuffer[start] = 2;
  78   GraphBuffer[start+1] = -2;
  79         uint8_t bits[64] = {0x00};
  80
  81         int bit, sum;
  82   i = start;
  83   for (bit = 0; bit < 64; bit++) {
  84                 sum = 0;
  85                 for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
  86       sum += GraphBuffer[i++];
  87     }
  88
  89                 bits[bit] = (sum > 0) ? 1 : 0;
  90
  91     PrintAndLog("bit %d sum %d", bit, sum);
  92   }
  93
  94   for (bit = 0; bit < 64; bit++) {
  95     int j;
  96     int sum = 0;
  97     for (j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
  98       sum += GraphBuffer[i++];
  99     }
 100     if (sum > 0 && bits[bit] != 1) {
 101       PrintAndLog("oops1 at %d", bit);
 102     }
 103     if (sum < 0 && bits[bit] != 0) {
 104       PrintAndLog("oops2 at %d", bit);
 105     }
 106   }
 107
 108         // HACK writing back to graphbuffer.
 109   GraphTraceLen = 32*64;
 110   i = 0;
 111   int phase = 0;
 112   for (bit = 0; bit < 64; bit++) {
 113
 114                 phase = (bits[bit] == 0) ? 0 : 1;
 115
 116     int j;
 117     for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
 118       GraphBuffer[i++] = phase;
 119       phase = !phase;
 120     }
 121   }
 122
 123   RepaintGraphWindow();
 124   return 0;
 125 }
 126
 127 int CmdIndalaDemod(const char *Cmd)
 128 {
 129   // Usage: recover 64bit UID by default, specify "224" as arg to recover a 224bit UID
 130
 131   int state = -1;
 132   int count = 0;
 133   int i, j;
 134
 135   // worst case with GraphTraceLen=64000 is < 4096
 136   // under normal conditions it's < 2048
 137
 138   uint8_t rawbits[4096];
 139   int rawbit = 0;
 140   int worst = 0, worstPos = 0;
 141  // PrintAndLog("Expecting a bit less than %d raw bits", GraphTraceLen / 32);
 142   for (i = 0; i < GraphTraceLen-1; i += 2) {
 143     count += 1;
 144     if ((GraphBuffer[i] > GraphBuffer[i + 1]) && (state != 1)) {
 145       if (state == 0) {
 146         for (j = 0; j <  count - 8; j += 16) {
 147           rawbits[rawbit++] = 0;
 148         }
 149         if ((abs(count - j)) > worst) {
 150           worst = abs(count - j);
 151           worstPos = i;
 152         }
 153       }
 154       state = 1;
 155       count = 0;
 156     } else if ((GraphBuffer[i] < GraphBuffer[i + 1]) && (state != 0)) {
 157       if (state == 1) {
 158         for (j = 0; j <  count - 8; j += 16) {
 159           rawbits[rawbit++] = 1;
 160         }
 161         if ((abs(count - j)) > worst) {
 162           worst = abs(count - j);
 163           worstPos = i;
 164         }
 165       }
 166       state = 0;
 167       count = 0;
 168     }
 169   }
 170
 171   if (rawbit>0){
 172     PrintAndLog("Recovered %d raw bits, expected: %d", rawbit, GraphTraceLen/32);
 173     PrintAndLog("worst metric (0=best..7=worst): %d at pos %d", worst, worstPos);
 174         } else {
 175                 return 0;
 176         }
 177
 178   // Finding the start of a UID
 179   int uidlen, long_wait;
 180   if (strcmp(Cmd, "224") == 0) {
 181     uidlen = 224;
 182     long_wait = 30;
 183   } else {
 184     uidlen = 64;
 185     long_wait = 29;
 186   }
 187
 188   int start;
 189   int first = 0;
 190   for (start = 0; start <= rawbit - uidlen; start++) {
 191     first = rawbits[start];
 192     for (i = start; i < start + long_wait; i++) {
 193       if (rawbits[i] != first) {
 194         break;
 195       }
 196     }
 197     if (i == (start + long_wait)) {
 198       break;
 199     }
 200   }
 201
 202   if (start == rawbit - uidlen + 1) {
 203     PrintAndLog("nothing to wait for");
 204     return 0;
 205   }
 206
 207   // Inverting signal if needed
 208   if (first == 1) {
 209     for (i = start; i < rawbit; i++) {
 210       rawbits[i] = !rawbits[i];
 211     }
 212   }
 213
 214   // Dumping UID
 215         uint8_t bits[224] = {0x00};
 216         char showbits[225] = {0x00};
 217   int bit;
 218   i = start;
 219   int times = 0;
 220
 221   if (uidlen > rawbit) {
 222     PrintAndLog("Warning: not enough raw bits to get a full UID");
 223     for (bit = 0; bit < rawbit; bit++) {
 224       bits[bit] = rawbits[i++];
 225       // As we cannot know the parity, let's use "." and "/"
 226       showbits[bit] = '.' + bits[bit];
 227     }
 228     showbits[bit+1]='\0';
 229     PrintAndLog("Partial UID=%s", showbits);
 230     return 0;
 231   } else {
 232     for (bit = 0; bit < uidlen; bit++) {
 233       bits[bit] = rawbits[i++];
 234       showbits[bit] = '0' + bits[bit];
 235     }
 236     times = 1;
 237   }
 238
 239   //convert UID to HEX
 240   uint32_t uid1, uid2, uid3, uid4, uid5, uid6, uid7;
 241   int idx;
 242         uid1 = uid2 = 0;
 243
 244   if (uidlen==64){
 245     for( idx=0; idx<64; idx++) {
 246         if (showbits[idx] == '0') {
 247         uid1=(uid1<<1)|(uid2>>31);
 248         uid2=(uid2<<1)|0;
 249         } else {
 250         uid1=(uid1<<1)|(uid2>>31);
 251         uid2=(uid2<<1)|1;
 252         }
 253       }
 254     PrintAndLog("UID=%s (%x%08x)", showbits, uid1, uid2);
 255   }
 256   else {
 257                 uid3 = uid4 = uid5 = uid6 = uid7 = 0;
 258
 259     for( idx=0; idx<224; idx++) {
 260         uid1=(uid1<<1)|(uid2>>31);
 261         uid2=(uid2<<1)|(uid3>>31);
 262         uid3=(uid3<<1)|(uid4>>31);
 263         uid4=(uid4<<1)|(uid5>>31);
 264         uid5=(uid5<<1)|(uid6>>31);
 265         uid6=(uid6<<1)|(uid7>>31);
 266
 267                         if (showbits[idx] == '0')
 268                                 uid7 = (uid7<<1) | 0;
 269                         else
 270                                 uid7 = (uid7<<1) | 1;
 271       }
 272     PrintAndLog("UID=%s (%x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x)", showbits, uid1, uid2, uid3, uid4, uid5, uid6, uid7);
 273   }
 274
 275   // Checking UID against next occurrences
 276     int failed = 0;
 277         for (; i + uidlen <= rawbit;) {
 278                 failed = 0;
 279     for (bit = 0; bit < uidlen; bit++) {
 280       if (bits[bit] != rawbits[i++]) {
 281         failed = 1;
 282         break;
 283       }
 284     }
 285     if (failed == 1) {
 286       break;
 287     }
 288     times += 1;
 289   }
 290
 291   PrintAndLog("Occurrences: %d (expected %d)", times, (rawbit - start) / uidlen);
 292
 293   // Remodulating for tag cloning
 294         // HACK: 2015-01-04 this will have an impact on our new way of seening lf commands (demod)
 295         // since this changes graphbuffer data.
 296   GraphTraceLen = 32*uidlen;
 297   i = 0;
 298   int phase = 0;
 299   for (bit = 0; bit < uidlen; bit++) {
 300     if (bits[bit] == 0) {
 301       phase = 0;
 302     } else {
 303       phase = 1;
 304     }
 305     int j;
 306     for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
 307       GraphBuffer[i++] = phase;
 308       phase = !phase;
 309     }
 310   }
 311
 312   RepaintGraphWindow();
 313   return 1;
 314 }
 315
 316 int CmdIndalaClone(const char *Cmd)
 317 {
 318   UsbCommand c;
 319         unsigned int uid1, uid2, uid3, uid4, uid5, uid6, uid7;
 320
 321         uid1 =  uid2 = uid3 = uid4 = uid5 = uid6 = uid7 = 0;
 322   int n = 0, i = 0;
 323
 324   if (strchr(Cmd,'l') != 0) {
 325     while (sscanf(&Cmd[i++], "%1x", &n ) == 1) {
 326       uid1 = (uid1 << 4) | (uid2 >> 28);
 327       uid2 = (uid2 << 4) | (uid3 >> 28);
 328       uid3 = (uid3 << 4) | (uid4 >> 28);
 329       uid4 = (uid4 << 4) | (uid5 >> 28);
 330       uid5 = (uid5 << 4) | (uid6 >> 28);
 331       uid6 = (uid6 << 4) | (uid7 >> 28);
 332         uid7 = (uid7 << 4) | (n & 0xf);
 333     }
 334     PrintAndLog("Cloning 224bit tag with UID %x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x%08x", uid1, uid2, uid3, uid4, uid5, uid6, uid7);
 335     c.cmd = CMD_INDALA_CLONE_TAG_L;
 336     c.d.asDwords[0] = uid1;
 337     c.d.asDwords[1] = uid2;
 338     c.d.asDwords[2] = uid3;
 339     c.d.asDwords[3] = uid4;
 340     c.d.asDwords[4] = uid5;
 341     c.d.asDwords[5] = uid6;
 342     c.d.asDwords[6] = uid7;
 343         } else {
 344     while (sscanf(&Cmd[i++], "%1x", &n ) == 1) {
 345       uid1 = (uid1 << 4) | (uid2 >> 28);
 346       uid2 = (uid2 << 4) | (n & 0xf);
 347     }
 348     PrintAndLog("Cloning 64bit tag with UID %x%08x", uid1, uid2);
 349     c.cmd = CMD_INDALA_CLONE_TAG;
 350     c.arg[0] = uid1;
 351     c.arg[1] = uid2;
 352   }
 353
 354   SendCommand(&c);
 355   return 0;
 356 }
 357
 358 int CmdLFRead(const char *Cmd)
 359 {
 360   UsbCommand c = {CMD_ACQUIRE_RAW_ADC_SAMPLES_125K};
 361
 362   // 'h' means higher-low-frequency, 134 kHz
 363   if(*Cmd == 'h') {
 364     c.arg[0] = 1;
 365   } else if (*Cmd == '\0') {
 366     c.arg[0] = 0;
 367   } else if (sscanf(Cmd, "%"lli, &c.arg[0]) != 1) {
 368                 PrintAndLog("Samples 1: 'lf read'");
 369                 PrintAndLog("        2: 'lf read h'");
 370                 PrintAndLog("        3: 'lf read <divisor>'");
 371     return 0;
 372   }
 373   SendCommand(&c);
 374   WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,NULL);
 375   return 0;
 376 }
 377
 378 static void ChkBitstream(const char *str)
 379 {
 380   int i;
 381
 382   /* convert to bitstream if necessary */
 383   for (i = 0; i < (int)(GraphTraceLen / 2); i++)
 384   {
 385     if (GraphBuffer[i] > 1 || GraphBuffer[i] < 0)
 386     {
 387       CmdBitstream(str);
 388       break;
 389     }
 390   }
 391 }
 392
 393 int CmdLFSim(const char *Cmd)
 394 {
 395         int i,j;
 396   static int gap;
 397
 398   sscanf(Cmd, "%i", &gap);
 399
 400   /* convert to bitstream if necessary */
 401   ChkBitstream(Cmd);
 402
 403         printf("Sending [%d bytes]", GraphTraceLen);
 404         for (i = 0; i < GraphTraceLen; i += USB_CMD_DATA_SIZE) {
 405     UsbCommand c={CMD_DOWNLOADED_SIM_SAMPLES_125K, {i, 0, 0}};
 406
 407                 for (j = 0; j < USB_CMD_DATA_SIZE; j++) {
 408       c.d.asBytes[j] = GraphBuffer[i+j];
 409     }
 410     SendCommand(&c);
 411     WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,NULL);
 412                 printf(".");
 413   }
 414
 415         printf("\n");
 416         PrintAndLog("Starting to simulate");
 417   UsbCommand c = {CMD_SIMULATE_TAG_125K, {GraphTraceLen, gap, 0}};
 418   SendCommand(&c);
 419   return 0;
 420 }
 421
 422 int CmdLFSimBidir(const char *Cmd)
 423 {
 424   // Set ADC to twice the carrier for a slight supersampling
 425   // HACK: not implemented in ARMSRC.
 426   PrintAndLog("Not implemented yet.");
 427   UsbCommand c = {CMD_LF_SIMULATE_BIDIR, {47, 384, 0}};
 428   SendCommand(&c);
 429   return 0;
 430 }
 431
 432 /* simulate an LF Manchester encoded tag with specified bitstream, clock rate and inter-id gap */
 433 int CmdLFSimManchester(const char *Cmd)
 434 {
 435   static int clock, gap;
 436   static char data[1024], gapstring[8];
 437
 438   sscanf(Cmd, "%i %s %i", &clock, &data[0], &gap);
 439
 440   ClearGraph(0);
 441
 442   for (int i = 0; i < strlen(data) ; ++i)
 443     AppendGraph(0, clock, data[i]- '0');
 444
 445   CmdManchesterMod("");
 446
 447   RepaintGraphWindow();
 448
 449   sprintf(&gapstring[0], "%i", gap);
 450   CmdLFSim(gapstring);
 451   return 0;
 452 }
 453
 454 int CmdLFSnoop(const char *Cmd)
 455 {
 456   UsbCommand c = {CMD_LF_SNOOP_RAW_ADC_SAMPLES};
 457
 458   // 'h' means higher-low-frequency, 134 kHz
 459   c.arg[0] = 0;
 460   c.arg[1] = -1;
 461
 462         if (*Cmd == 'l') {
 463     sscanf(Cmd, "l %"lli, &c.arg[1]);
 464   } else if(*Cmd == 'h') {
 465     c.arg[0] = 1;
 466     sscanf(Cmd, "h %"lli, &c.arg[1]);
 467   } else if (sscanf(Cmd, "%"lli" %"lli, &c.arg[0], &c.arg[1]) < 1) {
 468                 PrintAndLog("usage 1:  snoop");
 469                 PrintAndLog("      2:  snoop {l,h} [trigger threshold]");
 470                 PrintAndLog("      3:  snoop <divisor> [trigger threshold]");
 471     return 0;
 472   }
 473
 474   SendCommand(&c);
 475   WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,NULL);
 476   return 0;
 477 }
 478
 479 int CmdVchDemod(const char *Cmd)
 480 {
 481   // Is this the entire sync pattern, or does this also include some
 482   // data bits that happen to be the same everywhere? That would be
 483   // lovely to know.
 484   static const int SyncPattern[] = {
 485     1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,
 486     1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
 487     1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,
 488     1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
 489     1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,
 490     1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
 491     1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,
 492     1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
 493     1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,  1,
 494     1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
 495   };
 496
 497   // So first, we correlate for the sync pattern, and mark that.
 498   int bestCorrel = 0, bestPos = 0;
 499   int i;
 500   // It does us no good to find the sync pattern, with fewer than
 501   // 2048 samples after it...
 502   for (i = 0; i < (GraphTraceLen-2048); i++) {
 503     int sum = 0;
 504     int j;
 505     for (j = 0; j < arraylen(SyncPattern); j++) {
 506       sum += GraphBuffer[i+j]*SyncPattern[j];
 507     }
 508     if (sum > bestCorrel) {
 509       bestCorrel = sum;
 510       bestPos = i;
 511     }
 512   }
 513   PrintAndLog("best sync at %d [metric %d]", bestPos, bestCorrel);
 514
 515   char bits[257];
 516   bits[256] = '\0';
 517
 518   int worst = INT_MAX;
 519   int worstPos = 0;
 520
 521   for (i = 0; i < 2048; i += 8) {
 522     int sum = 0;
 523     int j;
 524     for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
 525       sum += GraphBuffer[bestPos+i+j];
 526     }
 527     if (sum < 0) {
 528       bits[i/8] = '.';
 529     } else {
 530       bits[i/8] = '1';
 531     }
 532     if(abs(sum) < worst) {
 533       worst = abs(sum);
 534       worstPos = i;
 535     }
 536   }
 537   PrintAndLog("bits:");
 538   PrintAndLog("%s", bits);
 539   PrintAndLog("worst metric: %d at pos %d", worst, worstPos);
 540
 541   if (strcmp(Cmd, "clone")==0) {
 542     GraphTraceLen = 0;
 543     char *s;
 544     for(s = bits; *s; s++) {
 545       int j;
 546       for(j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
 547         GraphBuffer[GraphTraceLen++] = (*s == '1') ? 1 : 0;
 548       }
 549     }
 550     RepaintGraphWindow();
 551   }
 552   return 0;
 553 }
 554
 555 //by marshmellow
 556 int CmdLFfind(const char *Cmd)
 557 {
 558   int ans=0;
 559   if (!offline){
 560     ans=CmdLFRead("");
 561     ans=CmdSamples("20000");
 562   }
 563   if (GraphTraceLen<1000) return 0;
 564   PrintAndLog("Checking for known tags:");
 565   ans=Cmdaskmandemod("");
 566   if (ans>0) return 1;
 567   ans=CmdFSKdemodHID("");
 568   if (ans>0) return 1;
 569   ans=CmdFSKdemodIO("");
 570   if (ans>0) return 1;
 571   //add psk and indala
 572   ans=CmdIndalaDemod("");
 573   if (ans>0) return 1;
 574   ans=CmdIndalaDemod("224");
 575   if (ans>0) return 1;
 576   PrintAndLog("No Known Tags Found!\n");
 577   return 0;
 578 }
 579
 580 static command_t CommandTable[] =
 581 {
 582   {"help",        CmdHelp,            1, "This help"},
 583   {"cmdread",     CmdLFCommandRead,   0, "<off period> <'0' period> <'1' period> <command> ['h'] -- Modulate LF reader field to send command before read (all periods in microseconds) (option 'h' for 134)"},
 584   {"em4x",        CmdLFEM4X,          1, "{ EM4X RFIDs... }"},
 585   {"flexdemod",   CmdFlexdemod,       1, "Demodulate samples for FlexPass"},
 586   {"hid",         CmdLFHID,           1, "{ HID RFIDs... }"},
 587   {"io",          CmdLFIO,                1, "{ ioProx tags... }"},
 588   {"indalademod", CmdIndalaDemod,     1, "['224'] -- Demodulate samples for Indala 64 bit UID (option '224' for 224 bit)"},
 589   {"indalaclone", CmdIndalaClone,     0, "<UID> ['l']-- Clone Indala to T55x7 (tag must be in antenna)(UID in HEX)(option 'l' for 224 UID"},
 590   {"read",        CmdLFRead,          0, "['h' or <divisor>] -- Read 125/134 kHz LF ID-only tag (option 'h' for 134, alternatively: f=12MHz/(divisor+1))"},
 591   {"search",      CmdLFfind,          1, "Read and Search for valid known tag (in offline mode it you can load first then search)"},
 592   {"sim",         CmdLFSim,           0, "[GAP] -- Simulate LF tag from buffer with optional GAP (in microseconds)"},
 593   {"simbidir",    CmdLFSimBidir,      0, "Simulate LF tag (with bidirectional data transmission between reader and tag)"},
 594   {"simman",      CmdLFSimManchester, 0, "<Clock> <Bitstream> [GAP] Simulate arbitrary Manchester LF tag"},
 595   {"snoop",       CmdLFSnoop,         0, "['l'|'h'|<divisor>] [trigger threshold]-- Snoop LF (l:125khz, h:134khz)"},
 596   {"ti",          CmdLFTI,            1, "{ TI RFIDs... }"},
 597   {"hitag",       CmdLFHitag,         1, "{ Hitag tags and transponders... }"},
 598   {"vchdemod",    CmdVchDemod,        1, "['clone'] -- Demodulate samples for VeriChip"},
 599   {"t55xx",       CmdLFT55XX,         1, "{ T55xx RFIDs... }"},
 600   {"pcf7931",     CmdLFPCF7931,       1, "{PCF7931 RFIDs...}"},
 601   {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
 602 };
 603
 604 int CmdLF(const char *Cmd)
 605 {
 606   CmdsParse(CommandTable, Cmd);
 607   return 0;
 608 }
 609
 610 int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd)
 611 {
 612   CmdsHelp(CommandTable);
 613   return 0;
 614 }