]> cvs.zerfleddert.de Git - proxmark3-svn/blobdiff - client/cmdlfem4x.c
fix 'hf iclass sim'
[proxmark3-svn] / client / cmdlfem4x.c
index 167042d756880b5e8e6c8517d36ba69d0e52947d..d1bde91184e73e7a256dac95b227cd7c41ef4807 100644 (file)
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@
 // Low frequency EM4x commands
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 // Low frequency EM4x commands
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+#include "cmdlfem4x.h"
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
-#include "cmdlfem4x.h"
-#include "proxmark3.h"
+#include "comms.h"
 #include "ui.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "ui.h"
 #include "util.h"
-#include "data.h"
 #include "graph.h"
 #include "cmdparser.h"
 #include "cmddata.h"
 #include "graph.h"
 #include "cmdparser.h"
 #include "cmddata.h"
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 uint64_t g_em410xId=0;
 
 static int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd);
 uint64_t g_em410xId=0;
 
 static int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd);
+void ConstructEM410xEmulGraph(const char *uid,const  uint8_t clock);
 
 int CmdEMdemodASK(const char *Cmd)
 {
 
 int CmdEMdemodASK(const char *Cmd)
 {
@@ -217,11 +218,54 @@ int usage_lf_em410x_sim(void) {
        return 0;
 }
 
        return 0;
 }
 
-// emulate an EM410X tag
-int CmdEM410xSim(const char *Cmd)
+// Construct the graph for emulating an EM410X tag
+void ConstructEM410xEmulGraph(const char *uid,const  uint8_t clock)
 {
        int i, n, j, binary[4], parity[4];
 {
        int i, n, j, binary[4], parity[4];
+       /* clear our graph */
+       ClearGraph(0);
+
+       /* write 9 start bits */
+       for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
+               AppendGraph(0, clock, 1);
+
+       /* for each hex char */
+       parity[0] = parity[1] = parity[2] = parity[3] = 0;
+       for (i = 0; i < 10; i++){
+               /* read each hex char */
+               sscanf(&uid[i], "%1x", &n);
+               for (j = 3; j >= 0; j--, n/= 2)
+                       binary[j] = n % 2;
+
+               /* append each bit */
+               AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[0]);
+               AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[1]);
+               AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[2]);
+               AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[3]);
+
+               /* append parity bit */
+               AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[0] ^ binary[1] ^ binary[2] ^ binary[3]);
+
+               /* keep track of column parity */
+               parity[0] ^= binary[0];
+               parity[1] ^= binary[1];
+               parity[2] ^= binary[2];
+               parity[3] ^= binary[3];
+       }
+
+       /* parity columns */
+       AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[0]);
+       AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[1]);
+       AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[2]);
+       AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[3]);
 
 
+       /* stop bit */
+       AppendGraph(1, clock, 0);
+}
+
+// emulate an EM410X tag
+int CmdEM410xSim(const char *Cmd)
+{
        char cmdp = param_getchar(Cmd, 0);
        uint8_t uid[5] = {0x00};
 
        char cmdp = param_getchar(Cmd, 0);
        uint8_t uid[5] = {0x00};
 
@@ -238,63 +282,26 @@ int CmdEM410xSim(const char *Cmd)
        PrintAndLog("Starting simulating UID %02X%02X%02X%02X%02X  clock: %d", uid[0],uid[1],uid[2],uid[3],uid[4],clock);
        PrintAndLog("Press pm3-button to abort simulation");
 
        PrintAndLog("Starting simulating UID %02X%02X%02X%02X%02X  clock: %d", uid[0],uid[1],uid[2],uid[3],uid[4],clock);
        PrintAndLog("Press pm3-button to abort simulation");
 
-
-       /* clear our graph */
-       ClearGraph(0);
-
-               /* write 9 start bits */
-               for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, 1);
-
-               /* for each hex char */
-               parity[0] = parity[1] = parity[2] = parity[3] = 0;
-               for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
-               {
-                       /* read each hex char */
-                       sscanf(&Cmd[i], "%1x", &n);
-                       for (j = 3; j >= 0; j--, n/= 2)
-                               binary[j] = n % 2;
-
-                       /* append each bit */
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[0]);
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[1]);
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[2]);
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[3]);
-
-                       /* append parity bit */
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[0] ^ binary[1] ^ binary[2] ^ binary[3]);
-
-                       /* keep track of column parity */
-                       parity[0] ^= binary[0];
-                       parity[1] ^= binary[1];
-                       parity[2] ^= binary[2];
-                       parity[3] ^= binary[3];
-               }
-
-               /* parity columns */
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[0]);
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[1]);
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[2]);
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[3]);
-
-               /* stop bit */
-       AppendGraph(1, clock, 0);
-
+       ConstructEM410xEmulGraph(Cmd, clock);
+       
        CmdLFSim("0"); //240 start_gap.
        return 0;
 }
 
 int usage_lf_em410x_brute(void) {
        CmdLFSim("0"); //240 start_gap.
        return 0;
 }
 
 int usage_lf_em410x_brute(void) {
-        PrintAndLog("Bruteforcing by emulating EM410x tag");
-        PrintAndLog("");
-        PrintAndLog("Usage:  lf em 410xbrute [h] ids.txt");
-        PrintAndLog("Options:");
-        PrintAndLog("       h         - this help");
-        PrintAndLog("       ids.txt       - file with id in HEX format one per line");
-       PrintAndLog("       clock     - clock (32|64) (optional)");
-        PrintAndLog("samples:");
-        PrintAndLog("      lf em 410xbrute ids.txt");
-        PrintAndLog("      lf em 410xbrute ids.txt 32");
+       PrintAndLog("Bruteforcing by emulating EM410x tag");
+       PrintAndLog("");
+       PrintAndLog("Usage:  lf em 410xbrute [h] ids.txt [d 2000] [c clock]");
+       PrintAndLog("Options:");
+       PrintAndLog("       h             - this help");
+       PrintAndLog("       ids.txt       - file with UIDs in HEX format, one per line");
+       PrintAndLog("       d (2000)      - pause delay in milliseconds between UIDs simulation, default 1000 ms (optional)");
+       PrintAndLog("       c (32)        - clock (32|64), default 64 (optional)");
+       PrintAndLog("samples:");
+       PrintAndLog("      lf em 410xbrute ids.txt");
+       PrintAndLog("      lf em 410xbrute ids.txt c 32");
+       PrintAndLog("      lf em 410xbrute ids.txt d 3000");
+       PrintAndLog("      lf em 410xbrute ids.txt d 3000 c 32");
        return 0;
 }
 
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -303,96 +310,112 @@ int CmdEM410xBrute(const char *Cmd)
        char filename[FILE_PATH_SIZE]={0};
        FILE *f = NULL;
        char buf[11];
        char filename[FILE_PATH_SIZE]={0};
        FILE *f = NULL;
        char buf[11];
-       int i, n, j, binary[4], parity[4];
-
-       char cmdp = param_getchar(Cmd, 0);
+       uint32_t uidcnt = 0;
+       uint8_t stUidBlock = 20;
+       uint8_t *uidBlock = NULL, *p = NULL;
+       int ch;
        uint8_t uid[5] = {0x00};
        uint8_t uid[5] = {0x00};
-
-       if (cmdp == 'h' || cmdp == 'H') return usage_lf_em410x_sim();
        /* clock is 64 in EM410x tags */
        uint8_t clock = 64;
        /* clock is 64 in EM410x tags */
        uint8_t clock = 64;
+       /* default pause time: 1 second */
+       uint32_t delay = 1000;
+       
+       char cmdp = param_getchar(Cmd, 0);
+       
+       if (cmdp == 'h' || cmdp == 'H') return usage_lf_em410x_brute();
+       
+
+       cmdp = param_getchar(Cmd, 1);
+       
+       if (cmdp == 'd' || cmdp == 'D') {
+               delay = param_get32ex(Cmd, 2, 1000, 10);
+               param_getdec(Cmd, 4, &clock);
+       } else if (cmdp == 'c' || cmdp == 'C') {
+               param_getdec(Cmd, 2, &clock);
+               delay = param_get32ex(Cmd, 4, 1000, 10);
+       }
 
 
-       param_getdec(Cmd,1, &clock);
-
-       param_getstr(Cmd, 0, filename);
+       param_getstr(Cmd, 0, filename, sizeof(filename));
+       
+       uidBlock = calloc(stUidBlock, 5);
+       if (uidBlock == NULL) return 1;
 
        if (strlen(filename) > 0) {
                if ((f = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL) {
 
        if (strlen(filename) > 0) {
                if ((f = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL) {
-                       PrintAndLog("Error: Could not open IDs file [%s]",filename);
+                       PrintAndLog("Error: Could not open UIDs file [%s]",filename);
+                       free(uidBlock);
                        return 1;
                }
        } else {
                PrintAndLog("Error: Please specify a filename");
                        return 1;
                }
        } else {
                PrintAndLog("Error: Please specify a filename");
+               free(uidBlock);
                return 1;
        }
 
                return 1;
        }
 
-
        while( fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f) ) {
        while( fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), f) ) {
-               msleep(1000);
                if (strlen(buf) < 10 || buf[9] == '\n') continue;
                while (fgetc(f) != '\n' && !feof(f));  //goto next line
 
                //The line start with # is comment, skip
                if( buf[0]=='#' ) continue;
                if (strlen(buf) < 10 || buf[9] == '\n') continue;
                while (fgetc(f) != '\n' && !feof(f));  //goto next line
 
                //The line start with # is comment, skip
                if( buf[0]=='#' ) continue;
-
+               
+               if (param_gethex(buf, 0, uid, 10)) {
+                       PrintAndLog("UIDs must include 10 HEX symbols");
+                       free(uidBlock);
+                       fclose(f);
+                       return 1;
+               }
+               
                buf[10] = 0;
                buf[10] = 0;
-               //PrintAndLog("ID: %s", buf);
-
-         if (param_gethex(buf, 0, uid, 10)) {
-               PrintAndLog("UID must include 10 HEX symbols");
-                       return 0;
+               
+               if ( stUidBlock - uidcnt < 2) {
+                               p = realloc(uidBlock, 5*(stUidBlock+=10));
+                               if (!p) {
+                                       PrintAndLog("Cannot allocate memory for UIDs");
+                                       free(uidBlock);
+                                       fclose(f);
+                                       return 1;
+                               }
+                               uidBlock = p;
                }
                }
-
-               PrintAndLog("Starting simulating UID %02X%02X%02X%02X%02X  clock: %d", uid[0],uid[1],uid[2],uid[3],uid[4],clock);
-
-               /* clear our graph */
-               ClearGraph(0);
-
-               /* write 9 start bits */
-               for (i = 0; i < 9; i++)
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, 1);
-
-               /* for each hex char */
-               parity[0] = parity[1] = parity[2] = parity[3] = 0;
-               for (i = 0; i < 10; i++){
-                       /* read each hex char */
-                       sscanf(&buf[i], "%1x", &n);
-                       for (j = 3; j >= 0; j--, n/= 2)
-                               binary[j] = n % 2;
-
-                       /* append each bit */
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[0]);
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[1]);
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[2]);
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[3]);
-
-                       /* append parity bit */
-                       AppendGraph(0, clock, binary[0] ^ binary[1] ^ binary[2] ^ binary[3]);
-
-                       /* keep track of column parity */
-                       parity[0] ^= binary[0];
-                       parity[1] ^= binary[1];
-                       parity[2] ^= binary[2];
-                       parity[3] ^= binary[3];
+               memset(uidBlock + 5 * uidcnt, 0, 5);
+               num_to_bytes(strtoll(buf, NULL, 16), 5, uidBlock + 5*uidcnt);
+               uidcnt++;
+               memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+       }
+       fclose(f);
+       
+       if (uidcnt == 0) {
+               PrintAndLog("No UIDs found in file");
+               free(uidBlock);
+               return 1;
+       }
+       PrintAndLog("Loaded %d UIDs from %s, pause delay: %d ms", uidcnt, filename, delay);
+       
+       // loop
+       for(uint32_t c = 0; c < uidcnt; ++c ) {
+               char testuid[11];
+               testuid[10] = 0;
+               
+               if (ukbhit()) {
+                       ch = getchar();
+                       (void)ch;
+                       printf("\nAborted via keyboard!\n");
+                       free(uidBlock);
+                       return 0;
                }
                }
-
-               /* parity columns */
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[0]);
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[1]);
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[2]);
-               AppendGraph(0, clock, parity[3]);
-
-               /* stop bit */
-               AppendGraph(1, clock, 0);
-
+                               
+               sprintf(testuid, "%010" PRIX64, bytes_to_num(uidBlock + 5*c, 5));
+               PrintAndLog("Bruteforce %d / %d: simulating UID  %s, clock %d", c + 1, uidcnt, testuid, clock);
+               
+               ConstructEM410xEmulGraph(testuid, clock);
+               
                CmdLFSim("0"); //240 start_gap.
 
                CmdLFSim("0"); //240 start_gap.
 
-               memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
-
+               msleep(delay);
        }
        }
-
-       fclose(f);
-
+       
+       free(uidBlock);
        return 0;
 }
 
        return 0;
 }
 
@@ -583,7 +606,7 @@ int EM4x50Read(const char *Cmd, bool verbose)
        char tmp2[20];
        int phaseoff;
        high = low = 0;
        char tmp2[20];
        int phaseoff;
        high = low = 0;
-       memset(tmpbuff, 0, MAX_GRAPH_TRACE_LEN / 64);
+       memset(tmpbuff, 0, sizeof(tmpbuff));
 
        // get user entry if any
        sscanf(Cmd, "%i %i", &clk, &invert);
 
        // get user entry if any
        sscanf(Cmd, "%i %i", &clk, &invert);
@@ -781,8 +804,7 @@ int usage_lf_em_read(void) {
 bool downloadSamplesEM() {
        // 8 bit preamble + 32 bit word response (max clock (128) * 40bits = 5120 samples)
        uint8_t got[6000];
 bool downloadSamplesEM() {
        // 8 bit preamble + 32 bit word response (max clock (128) * 40bits = 5120 samples)
        uint8_t got[6000];
-       GetFromBigBuf(got, sizeof(got), 0);
-       if ( !WaitForResponseTimeout(CMD_ACK, NULL, 4000) ) {
+       if (!GetFromBigBuf(got, sizeof(got), 0, NULL, 4000, true)) {
                PrintAndLog("command execution time out");
                return false;
        }
                PrintAndLog("command execution time out");
                return false;
        }
@@ -927,7 +949,6 @@ int EM4x05ReadWord_ext(uint8_t addr, uint32_t pwd, bool usePwd, uint32_t *wordDa
        }
        int testLen = (GraphTraceLen < 1000) ? GraphTraceLen : 1000;
        if (graphJustNoise(GraphBuffer, testLen)) {
        }
        int testLen = (GraphTraceLen < 1000) ? GraphTraceLen : 1000;
        if (graphJustNoise(GraphBuffer, testLen)) {
-               PrintAndLog("no tag not found");
                return -1;
        }
        //attempt demod:
                return -1;
        }
        //attempt demod:
@@ -1140,6 +1161,119 @@ int CmdEM4x05WriteWord(const char *Cmd) {
        return EM4x05WriteWord(addr, data, pwd, usePwd, swap, invert);
 }
 
        return EM4x05WriteWord(addr, data, pwd, usePwd, swap, invert);
 }
 
+int usage_lf_em_protect(void) {
+       PrintAndLog("Protect EM4x05.  Tag must be on antenna. ");
+       PrintAndLog("");
+       PrintAndLog("Usage:  lf em 4x05protect [h] d <data> p <pwd> [s] [i]");
+       PrintAndLog("Options:");
+       PrintAndLog("       h           - this help");
+       PrintAndLog("       d <data>    - data to write (hex)");
+       PrintAndLog("       p <pwd>     - password (hex) (optional)");
+       PrintAndLog("       s           - swap the data bit order before write");
+       PrintAndLog("       i           - invert the data bits before write");
+       PrintAndLog("samples:");
+       PrintAndLog("      lf em 4x05protect d 11223344");
+       PrintAndLog("      lf em 4x05protect p deadc0de d 11223344 s i");
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int EM4x05Protect(uint32_t data, uint32_t pwd, bool usePwd, bool swap, bool invert) {
+       if (swap) data = SwapBits(data, 32);
+
+       if (invert) data ^= 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+       if ( !usePwd ) {
+               PrintAndLog("Writing Protect data %08X", data);
+       } else {
+               PrintAndLog("Writing Protect data %08X using password %08X", data, pwd);
+       }
+
+       uint16_t flag = usePwd;
+
+       UsbCommand c = {CMD_EM4X_PROTECT, {flag, data, pwd}};
+       clearCommandBuffer();
+       SendCommand(&c);
+       UsbCommand resp;
+       if (!WaitForResponseTimeout(CMD_ACK, &resp, 2000)){
+               PrintAndLog("Error occurred, device did not respond during protect operation.");
+               return -1;
+       }
+       if ( !downloadSamplesEM() ) {
+               return -1;
+       }
+       //check response for 00001010 for write confirmation!
+       //attempt demod:
+       uint32_t dummy = 0;
+       int result = demodEM4x05resp(&dummy,false);
+       if (result == 1) {
+               PrintAndLog("Protect Verified");
+       } else {
+               PrintAndLog("Protect could not be verified");
+       }
+       return result;
+}
+
+int CmdEM4x05ProtectWrite(const char *Cmd) {
+       bool errors = false;
+       bool usePwd = false;
+       uint32_t data = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+       uint32_t pwd = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+       bool swap = false;
+       bool invert = false;
+       bool gotData = false;
+       char cmdp = 0;
+       while(param_getchar(Cmd, cmdp) != 0x00)
+       {
+               switch(param_getchar(Cmd, cmdp))
+               {
+               case 'h':
+               case 'H':
+                       return usage_lf_em_write();
+               case 'd':
+               case 'D':
+                       data = param_get32ex(Cmd, cmdp+1, 0, 16);
+                       gotData = true;
+                       cmdp += 2;
+                       break;
+               case 'i':
+               case 'I':
+                       invert = true;
+                       cmdp++;
+                       break;
+               case 'p':
+               case 'P':
+                       pwd = param_get32ex(Cmd, cmdp+1, 1, 16);
+                       if (pwd == 1) {
+                               PrintAndLog("invalid pwd");
+                               errors = true;
+                       }
+                       usePwd = true;
+                       cmdp += 2;
+                       break;
+               case 's':
+               case 'S':
+                       swap = true;
+                       cmdp++;
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       PrintAndLog("Unknown parameter '%c'", param_getchar(Cmd, cmdp));
+                       errors = true;
+                       break;
+               }
+               if(errors) break;
+       }
+       //Validations
+       if(errors) return usage_lf_em_protect();
+
+       if ( strlen(Cmd) == 0 ) return usage_lf_em_protect();
+
+       if (!gotData) {
+               PrintAndLog("You must enter the data you want to write");
+               return usage_lf_em_protect();
+       }
+       return EM4x05Protect(data, pwd, usePwd, swap, invert);
+}
+
 void printEM4x05config(uint32_t wordData) {
        uint16_t datarate = EM4x05_GET_BITRATE(wordData);
        uint8_t encoder = ((wordData >> 6) & 0xF);
 void printEM4x05config(uint32_t wordData) {
        uint16_t datarate = EM4x05_GET_BITRATE(wordData);
        uint8_t encoder = ((wordData >> 6) & 0xF);
@@ -1316,7 +1450,7 @@ static command_t CommandTable[] =
        {"410xread",  CmdEMdemodASK, 0, "[findone] -- Extract ID from EM410x tag (option 0 for continuous loop, 1 for only 1 tag)"},
        {"410xdemod", CmdAskEM410xDemod,  1, "[clock] [invert<0|1>] [maxErr] -- Demodulate an EM410x tag from GraphBuffer (args optional)"},
        {"410xsim",   CmdEM410xSim, 0, "<UID> [clock rate] -- Simulate EM410x tag"},
        {"410xread",  CmdEMdemodASK, 0, "[findone] -- Extract ID from EM410x tag (option 0 for continuous loop, 1 for only 1 tag)"},
        {"410xdemod", CmdAskEM410xDemod,  1, "[clock] [invert<0|1>] [maxErr] -- Demodulate an EM410x tag from GraphBuffer (args optional)"},
        {"410xsim",   CmdEM410xSim, 0, "<UID> [clock rate] -- Simulate EM410x tag"},
-       {"410xbrute",   CmdEM410xBrute, 0, "ids.txt [clock rate] -- Bruteforcing by simulating EM410x tags (1 UID/s)"},
+       {"410xbrute",   CmdEM410xBrute, 0, "ids.txt [d (delay in ms)] [c (clock rate)] -- Reader bruteforce attack by simulating EM410x tags"},
        {"410xwatch", CmdEM410xWatch, 0, "['h'] -- Watches for EM410x 125/134 kHz tags (option 'h' for 134)"},
        {"410xspoof", CmdEM410xWatchnSpoof, 0, "['h'] --- Watches for EM410x 125/134 kHz tags, and replays them. (option 'h' for 134)" },
        {"410xwrite", CmdEM410xWrite, 0, "<UID> <'0' T5555> <'1' T55x7> [clock rate] -- Write EM410x UID to T5555(Q5) or T55x7 tag, optionally setting clock rate"},
        {"410xwatch", CmdEM410xWatch, 0, "['h'] -- Watches for EM410x 125/134 kHz tags (option 'h' for 134)"},
        {"410xspoof", CmdEM410xWatchnSpoof, 0, "['h'] --- Watches for EM410x 125/134 kHz tags, and replays them. (option 'h' for 134)" },
        {"410xwrite", CmdEM410xWrite, 0, "<UID> <'0' T5555> <'1' T55x7> [clock rate] -- Write EM410x UID to T5555(Q5) or T55x7 tag, optionally setting clock rate"},
@@ -1324,6 +1458,7 @@ static command_t CommandTable[] =
        {"4x05info",  CmdEM4x05info, 0, "(pwd) -- Get info from EM4x05/EM4x69 tag"},
        {"4x05readword",  CmdEM4x05ReadWord, 0, "<Word> (pwd) -- Read EM4x05/EM4x69 word data"},
        {"4x05writeword", CmdEM4x05WriteWord, 0, "<Word> <data> (pwd) -- Write EM4x05/EM4x69 word data"},
        {"4x05info",  CmdEM4x05info, 0, "(pwd) -- Get info from EM4x05/EM4x69 tag"},
        {"4x05readword",  CmdEM4x05ReadWord, 0, "<Word> (pwd) -- Read EM4x05/EM4x69 word data"},
        {"4x05writeword", CmdEM4x05WriteWord, 0, "<Word> <data> (pwd) -- Write EM4x05/EM4x69 word data"},
+       {"4x05protect",   CmdEM4x05ProtectWrite, 0, "<data> (pwd) -- Write Protection to EM4x05"},
        {"4x50read",  CmdEM4x50Read, 1, "demod data from EM4x50 tag from the graph buffer"},
        {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
 };
        {"4x50read",  CmdEM4x50Read, 1, "demod data from EM4x50 tag from the graph buffer"},
        {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}
 };
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