X-Git-Url: http://cvs.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/proxmark3-svn/blobdiff_plain/9e8255d4e99eb2917df13be92402e75a73417696..e406dd5cc996bc29f0169301d3278fd82bae9cfc:/client/cmdhf.c?ds=sidebyside diff --git a/client/cmdhf.c b/client/cmdhf.c index 37366802..16f7bb0f 100644 --- a/client/cmdhf.c +++ b/client/cmdhf.c @@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ #include "cmdhflegic.h" #include "cmdhficlass.h" #include "cmdhfmf.h" +#include "cmdhfmfu.h" +#include "protocols.h" static int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd); @@ -31,158 +33,6 @@ int CmdHFTune(const char *Cmd) SendCommand(&c); return 0; } -// for the time being. Need better Bigbuf handling. -#define TRACE_SIZE 3000 - -//The following data is taken from http://www.proxmark.org/forum/viewtopic.php?pid=13501#p13501 -/* -ISO14443A (usually NFC tags) - 26 (7bits) = REQA - 30 = Read (usage: 30+1byte block number+2bytes ISO14443A-CRC - answer: 16bytes) - A2 = Write (usage: A2+1byte block number+4bytes data+2bytes ISO14443A-CRC - answer: 0A [ACK] or 00 [NAK]) - 52 (7bits) = WUPA (usage: 52(7bits) - answer: 2bytes ATQA) - 93 20 = Anticollision (usage: 9320 - answer: 4bytes UID+1byte UID-bytes-xor) - 93 70 = Select (usage: 9370+5bytes 9320 answer - answer: 1byte SAK) - 95 20 = Anticollision of cascade level2 - 95 70 = Select of cascade level2 - 50 00 = Halt (usage: 5000+2bytes ISO14443A-CRC - no answer from card) -Mifare - 60 = Authenticate with KeyA - 61 = Authenticate with KeyB - 40 (7bits) = Used to put Chinese Changeable UID cards in special mode (must be followed by 43 (8bits) - answer: 0A) - C0 = Decrement - C1 = Increment - C2 = Restore - B0 = Transfer -Ultralight C - A0 = Compatibility Write (to accomodate MIFARE commands) - 1A = Step1 Authenticate - AF = Step2 Authenticate - - -ISO14443B - 05 = REQB - 1D = ATTRIB - 50 = HALT -SRIX4K (tag does not respond to 05) - 06 00 = INITIATE - 0E xx = SELECT ID (xx = Chip-ID) - 0B = Get UID - 08 yy = Read Block (yy = block number) - 09 yy dd dd dd dd = Write Block (yy = block number; dd dd dd dd = data to be written) - 0C = Reset to Inventory - 0F = Completion - 0A 11 22 33 44 55 66 = Authenticate (11 22 33 44 55 66 = data to authenticate) - - -ISO15693 - MANDATORY COMMANDS (all ISO15693 tags must support those) - 01 = Inventory (usage: 260100+2bytes ISO15693-CRC - answer: 12bytes) - 02 = Stay Quiet - OPTIONAL COMMANDS (not all tags support them) - 20 = Read Block (usage: 0220+1byte block number+2bytes ISO15693-CRC - answer: 4bytes) - 21 = Write Block (usage: 0221+1byte block number+4bytes data+2bytes ISO15693-CRC - answer: 4bytes) - 22 = Lock Block - 23 = Read Multiple Blocks (usage: 0223+1byte 1st block to read+1byte last block to read+2bytes ISO15693-CRC) - 25 = Select - 26 = Reset to Ready - 27 = Write AFI - 28 = Lock AFI - 29 = Write DSFID - 2A = Lock DSFID - 2B = Get_System_Info (usage: 022B+2bytes ISO15693-CRC - answer: 14 or more bytes) - 2C = Read Multiple Block Security Status (usage: 022C+1byte 1st block security to read+1byte last block security to read+2bytes ISO15693-CRC) - -EM Microelectronic CUSTOM COMMANDS - A5 = Active EAS (followed by 1byte IC Manufacturer code+1byte EAS type) - A7 = Write EAS ID (followed by 1byte IC Manufacturer code+2bytes EAS value) - B8 = Get Protection Status for a specific block (followed by 1byte IC Manufacturer code+1byte block number+1byte of how many blocks after the previous is needed the info) - E4 = Login (followed by 1byte IC Manufacturer code+4bytes password) -NXP/Philips CUSTOM COMMANDS - A0 = Inventory Read - A1 = Fast Inventory Read - A2 = Set EAS - A3 = Reset EAS - A4 = Lock EAS - A5 = EAS Alarm - A6 = Password Protect EAS - A7 = Write EAS ID - A8 = Read EPC - B0 = Inventory Page Read - B1 = Fast Inventory Page Read - B2 = Get Random Number - B3 = Set Password - B4 = Write Password - B5 = Lock Password - B6 = Bit Password Protection - B7 = Lock Page Protection Condition - B8 = Get Multiple Block Protection Status - B9 = Destroy SLI - BA = Enable Privacy - BB = 64bit Password Protection - 40 = Long Range CMD (Standard ISO/TR7003:1990) - */ - -#define ICLASS_CMD_ACTALL 0x0A -#define ICLASS_CMD_READ_OR_IDENTIFY 0x0C -#define ICLASS_CMD_SELECT 0x81 -#define ICLASS_CMD_PAGESEL 0x84 -#define ICLASS_CMD_READCHECK_KD 0x88 -#define ICLASS_CMD_READCHECK_KC 0x18 -#define ICLASS_CMD_CHECK 0x05 -#define ICLASS_CMD_DETECT 0x0F -#define ICLASS_CMD_HALT 0x00 -#define ICLASS_CMD_UPDATE 0x87 -#define ICLASS_CMD_ACT 0x8E -#define ICLASS_CMD_READ4 0x06 - - -#define ISO14443A_CMD_REQA 0x26 -#define ISO14443A_CMD_READBLOCK 0x30 -#define ISO14443A_CMD_WUPA 0x52 -#define ISO14443A_CMD_ANTICOLL_OR_SELECT 0x93 -#define ISO14443A_CMD_ANTICOLL_OR_SELECT_2 0x95 -#define ISO14443A_CMD_WRITEBLOCK 0xA0 // or 0xA2 ? -#define ISO14443A_CMD_HALT 0x50 -#define ISO14443A_CMD_RATS 0xE0 - -#define MIFARE_AUTH_KEYA 0x60 -#define MIFARE_AUTH_KEYB 0x61 -#define MIFARE_MAGICMODE 0x40 -#define MIFARE_CMD_INC 0xC0 -#define MIFARE_CMD_DEC 0xC1 -#define MIFARE_CMD_RESTORE 0xC2 -#define MIFARE_CMD_TRANSFER 0xB0 - -#define MIFARE_ULC_WRITE 0xA0 -#define MIFARE_ULC_AUTH_1 0x1A -#define MIFARE_ULC_AUTH_2 0xAF - -#define ISO14443B_REQB 0x05 -#define ISO14443B_ATTRIB 0x1D -#define ISO14443B_HALT 0x50 - -//First byte is 26 -#define ISO15693_INVENTORY 0x01 -#define ISO15693_STAYQUIET 0x02 -//First byte is 02 -#define ISO15693_READBLOCK 0x20 -#define ISO15693_WRITEBLOCK 0x21 -#define ISO15693_LOCKBLOCK 0x22 -#define ISO15693_READ_MULTI_BLOCK 0x23 -#define ISO15693_SELECT 0x25 -#define ISO15693_RESET_TO_READY 0x26 -#define ISO15693_WRITE_AFI 0x27 -#define ISO15693_LOCK_AFI 0x28 -#define ISO15693_WRITE_DSFID 0x29 -#define ISO15693_LOCK_DSFID 0x2A -#define ISO15693_GET_SYSTEM_INFO 0x2B -#define ISO15693_READ_MULTI_SECSTATUS 0x2C - - -#define ISO_14443A 0 -#define ICLASS 1 -#define ISO_14443B 2 void annotateIso14443a(char *exp, size_t size, uint8_t* cmd, uint8_t cmdsize) @@ -193,7 +43,7 @@ void annotateIso14443a(char *exp, size_t size, uint8_t* cmd, uint8_t cmdsize) case ISO14443A_CMD_ANTICOLL_OR_SELECT:{ // 93 20 = Anticollision (usage: 9320 - answer: 4bytes UID+1byte UID-bytes-xor) // 93 70 = Select (usage: 9370+5bytes 9320 answer - answer: 1byte SAK) - if(cmd[2] == 0x70) + if(cmd[1] == 0x70) { snprintf(exp,size,"SELECT_UID"); break; }else @@ -212,19 +62,67 @@ void annotateIso14443a(char *exp, size_t size, uint8_t* cmd, uint8_t cmdsize) snprintf(exp,size,"ANTICOLL-2"); break; } } - case ISO14443A_CMD_REQA: snprintf(exp,size,"REQA"); break; - case ISO14443A_CMD_READBLOCK: snprintf(exp,size,"READBLOCK(%d)",cmd[1]); break; - case ISO14443A_CMD_WRITEBLOCK: snprintf(exp,size,"WRITEBLOCK(%d)",cmd[1]); break; - case ISO14443A_CMD_HALT: snprintf(exp,size,"HALT"); break; - case ISO14443A_CMD_RATS: snprintf(exp,size,"RATS"); break; - case MIFARE_CMD_INC: snprintf(exp,size,"INC(%d)",cmd[1]); break; - case MIFARE_CMD_DEC: snprintf(exp,size,"DEC(%d)",cmd[1]); break; - case MIFARE_CMD_RESTORE: snprintf(exp,size,"RESTORE(%d)",cmd[1]); break; - case MIFARE_CMD_TRANSFER: snprintf(exp,size,"TRANSFER(%d)",cmd[1]); break; - case MIFARE_AUTH_KEYA: snprintf(exp,size,"AUTH-A"); break; - case MIFARE_AUTH_KEYB: snprintf(exp,size,"AUTH-B"); break; - case MIFARE_MAGICMODE: snprintf(exp,size,"MAGIC"); break; - default: snprintf(exp,size,"?"); break; + case ISO14443A_CMD_REQA: snprintf(exp,size,"REQA"); break; + case ISO14443A_CMD_READBLOCK: snprintf(exp,size,"READBLOCK(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case ISO14443A_CMD_WRITEBLOCK: snprintf(exp,size,"WRITEBLOCK(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case ISO14443A_CMD_HALT: snprintf(exp,size,"HALT"); break; + case ISO14443A_CMD_RATS: snprintf(exp,size,"RATS"); break; + case MIFARE_CMD_INC: snprintf(exp,size,"INC(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case MIFARE_CMD_DEC: snprintf(exp,size,"DEC(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case MIFARE_CMD_RESTORE: snprintf(exp,size,"RESTORE(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case MIFARE_CMD_TRANSFER: snprintf(exp,size,"TRANSFER(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case MIFARE_AUTH_KEYA:{ + if ( cmdsize > 3) + snprintf(exp,size,"AUTH-A(%d)",cmd[1]); + else + // case MIFARE_ULEV1_VERSION : both 0x60. + snprintf(exp,size,"EV1 VERSION"); + break; + } + case MIFARE_AUTH_KEYB: snprintf(exp,size,"AUTH-B(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case MIFARE_MAGICWUPC1: snprintf(exp,size,"MAGIC WUPC1"); break; + case MIFARE_MAGICWUPC2: snprintf(exp,size,"MAGIC WUPC2"); break; + case MIFARE_MAGICWIPEC: snprintf(exp,size,"MAGIC WIPEC"); break; + case MIFARE_ULC_AUTH_1: snprintf(exp,size,"AUTH "); break; + case MIFARE_ULC_AUTH_2: snprintf(exp,size,"AUTH_ANSW"); break; + case MIFARE_ULEV1_AUTH: + if ( cmdsize == 7 ) + snprintf(exp,size,"PWD-AUTH KEY: 0x%02x%02x%02x%02x", cmd[1], cmd[2], cmd[3], cmd[4] ); + else + snprintf(exp,size,"PWD-AUTH"); + break; + case MIFARE_ULEV1_FASTREAD:{ + if ( cmdsize >=3 && cmd[2] <= 0xE6) + snprintf(exp,size,"READ RANGE (%d-%d)",cmd[1],cmd[2]); + else + snprintf(exp,size,"?"); + break; + } + case MIFARE_ULC_WRITE:{ + if ( cmd[1] < 0x21 ) + snprintf(exp,size,"WRITEBLOCK(%d)",cmd[1]); + else + snprintf(exp,size,"?"); + break; + } + case MIFARE_ULEV1_READ_CNT:{ + if ( cmd[1] < 5 ) + snprintf(exp,size,"READ CNT(%d)",cmd[1]); + else + snprintf(exp,size,"?"); + break; + } + case MIFARE_ULEV1_INCR_CNT:{ + if ( cmd[1] < 5 ) + snprintf(exp,size,"INCR(%d)",cmd[1]); + else + snprintf(exp,size,"?"); + break; + } + case MIFARE_ULEV1_READSIG: snprintf(exp,size,"READ_SIG"); break; + case MIFARE_ULEV1_CHECKTEAR: snprintf(exp,size,"CHK_TEARING(%d)",cmd[1]); break; + case MIFARE_ULEV1_VCSL: snprintf(exp,size,"VCSL"); break; + default: snprintf(exp,size,"?"); break; } return; } @@ -288,13 +186,33 @@ void annotateIso15693(char *exp, size_t size, uint8_t* cmd, uint8_t cmdsize) } } } + +/** +06 00 = INITIATE +0E xx = SELECT ID (xx = Chip-ID) +0B = Get UID +08 yy = Read Block (yy = block number) +09 yy dd dd dd dd = Write Block (yy = block number; dd dd dd dd = data to be written) +0C = Reset to Inventory +0F = Completion +0A 11 22 33 44 55 66 = Authenticate (11 22 33 44 55 66 = data to authenticate) +**/ + void annotateIso14443b(char *exp, size_t size, uint8_t* cmd, uint8_t cmdsize) { switch(cmd[0]){ case ISO14443B_REQB : snprintf(exp,size,"REQB");break; case ISO14443B_ATTRIB : snprintf(exp,size,"ATTRIB");break; case ISO14443B_HALT : snprintf(exp,size,"HALT");break; - default: snprintf(exp,size ,"?");break; + case ISO14443B_INITIATE : snprintf(exp,size,"INITIATE");break; + case ISO14443B_SELECT : snprintf(exp,size,"SELECT(%d)",cmd[1]);break; + case ISO14443B_GET_UID : snprintf(exp,size,"GET UID");break; + case ISO14443B_READ_BLK : snprintf(exp,size,"READ_BLK(%d)", cmd[1]);break; + case ISO14443B_WRITE_BLK : snprintf(exp,size,"WRITE_BLK(%d)",cmd[1]);break; + case ISO14443B_RESET : snprintf(exp,size,"RESET");break; + case ISO14443B_COMPLETION : snprintf(exp,size,"COMPLETION");break; + case ISO14443B_AUTHENTICATE : snprintf(exp,size,"AUTHENTICATE");break; + default : snprintf(exp,size ,"?");break; } } @@ -383,18 +301,18 @@ uint8_t iclass_CRC_check(bool isResponse, uint8_t* data, uint8_t len) } } -uint16_t printTraceLine(uint16_t tracepos, uint8_t* trace, uint8_t protocol, bool showWaitCycles) +uint16_t printTraceLine(uint16_t tracepos, uint16_t traceLen, uint8_t *trace, uint8_t protocol, bool showWaitCycles) { bool isResponse; - uint16_t duration, data_len,parity_len; + uint16_t duration, data_len, parity_len; uint32_t timestamp, first_timestamp, EndOfTransmissionTimestamp; char explanation[30] = {0}; + if (tracepos + sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(uint16_t) + sizeof(uint16_t) > traceLen) return traceLen; + first_timestamp = *((uint32_t *)(trace)); timestamp = *((uint32_t *)(trace + tracepos)); - // Break and stick with current result if buffer was not completely full - if (timestamp == 0x44444444) return TRACE_SIZE; tracepos += 4; duration = *((uint16_t *)(trace + tracepos)); @@ -410,14 +328,42 @@ uint16_t printTraceLine(uint16_t tracepos, uint8_t* trace, uint8_t protocol, boo } parity_len = (data_len-1)/8 + 1; - if (tracepos + data_len + parity_len >= TRACE_SIZE) { - return TRACE_SIZE; + if (tracepos + data_len + parity_len > traceLen) { + return traceLen; } uint8_t *frame = trace + tracepos; tracepos += data_len; uint8_t *parityBytes = trace + tracepos; tracepos += parity_len; + //Check the CRC status + uint8_t crcStatus = 2; + + if (data_len > 2) { + uint8_t b1, b2; + if(protocol == ICLASS) + { + crcStatus = iclass_CRC_check(isResponse, frame, data_len); + + }else if (protocol == ISO_14443B) + { + crcStatus = iso14443B_CRC_check(isResponse, frame, data_len); + } + else if (protocol == ISO_14443A){//Iso 14443a + + ComputeCrc14443(CRC_14443_A, frame, data_len-2, &b1, &b2); + + if (b1 != frame[data_len-2] || b2 != frame[data_len-1]) { + if(!(isResponse & (data_len < 6))) + { + crcStatus = 0; + } + } + } + } + //0 CRC-command, CRC not ok + //1 CRC-command, CRC ok + //2 Not crc-command //--- Draw the data column //char line[16][110]; @@ -431,14 +377,21 @@ uint16_t printTraceLine(uint16_t tracepos, uint8_t* trace, uint8_t protocol, boo for (k=0 ; k<8 ; k++) { oddparity ^= (((frame[j] & 0xFF) >> k) & 0x01); } - uint8_t parityBits = parityBytes[j>>3]; if (isResponse && (oddparity != ((parityBits >> (7-(j&0x0007))) & 0x01))) { snprintf(line[j/16]+(( j % 16) * 4),110, "%02x! ", frame[j]); } else { - snprintf(line[j/16]+(( j % 16) * 4),110, "%02x! ", frame[j]); + snprintf(line[j/16]+(( j % 16) * 4),110, "%02x ", frame[j]); } + + } + if(crcStatus == 1) + {//CRC-command + char *pos1 = line[(data_len-2)/16]+(((data_len-2) % 16) * 4)-1; + (*pos1) = '['; + char *pos2 = line[(data_len)/16]+(((data_len) % 16) * 4)-2; + (*pos2) = ']'; } if(data_len == 0) { @@ -447,33 +400,7 @@ uint16_t printTraceLine(uint16_t tracepos, uint8_t* trace, uint8_t protocol, boo } } //--- Draw the CRC column - uint8_t crcStatus = 2; - - if (data_len > 2) { - uint8_t b1, b2; - if(protocol == ICLASS) - { - crcStatus = iclass_CRC_check(isResponse, frame, data_len); - - }else if (protocol == ISO_14443B) - { - crcStatus = iso14443B_CRC_check(isResponse, frame, data_len); - } - else if (protocol == ISO_14443A){//Iso 14443a - - ComputeCrc14443(CRC_14443_A, frame, data_len-2, &b1, &b2); - if (b1 != frame[data_len-2] || b2 != frame[data_len-1]) { - if(!(isResponse & (data_len < 6))) - { - crcStatus = 0; - } - } - } - } - //0 CRC-command, CRC not ok - //1 CRC-command, CRC ok - //2 Not crc-command char *crc = (crcStatus == 0 ? "!crc" : (crcStatus == 1 ? " ok " : " ")); EndOfTransmissionTimestamp = timestamp + duration; @@ -506,6 +433,8 @@ uint16_t printTraceLine(uint16_t tracepos, uint8_t* trace, uint8_t protocol, boo } } + if (tracepos + sizeof(uint32_t) + sizeof(uint16_t) + sizeof(uint16_t) > traceLen) return traceLen; + bool next_isResponse = *((uint16_t *)(trace + tracepos + 6)) & 0x8000; if (showWaitCycles && !isResponse && next_isResponse) { @@ -518,9 +447,11 @@ uint16_t printTraceLine(uint16_t tracepos, uint8_t* trace, uint8_t protocol, boo (next_timestamp - EndOfTransmissionTimestamp)); } } + return tracepos; } + int CmdHFList(const char *Cmd) { bool showWaitCycles = false; @@ -560,12 +491,13 @@ int CmdHFList(const char *Cmd) if (errors) { PrintAndLog("List protocol data in trace buffer."); - PrintAndLog("Usage: hf list [14a|14b|iclass] [f]"); + PrintAndLog("Usage: hf list [f]"); + PrintAndLog(" f - show frame delay times as well"); + PrintAndLog("Supported values:"); + PrintAndLog(" raw - just show raw data without annotations"); PrintAndLog(" 14a - interpret data as iso14443a communications"); PrintAndLog(" 14b - interpret data as iso14443b communications"); PrintAndLog(" iclass - interpret data as iclass communications"); - PrintAndLog(" raw - just show raw data"); - PrintAndLog(" f - show frame delay times as well"); PrintAndLog(""); PrintAndLog("example: hf list 14a f"); PrintAndLog("example: hf list iclass"); @@ -578,11 +510,28 @@ int CmdHFList(const char *Cmd) } - uint8_t trace[TRACE_SIZE]; + uint8_t *trace; uint16_t tracepos = 0; - GetFromBigBuf(trace, TRACE_SIZE, 0); - WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK, NULL); - PrintAndLog("Recorded Activity"); + trace = malloc(USB_CMD_DATA_SIZE); + + // Query for the size of the trace + UsbCommand response; + GetFromBigBuf(trace, USB_CMD_DATA_SIZE, 0); + WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK, &response); + uint16_t traceLen = response.arg[2]; + if (traceLen > USB_CMD_DATA_SIZE) { + uint8_t *p = realloc(trace, traceLen); + if (p == NULL) { + PrintAndLog("Cannot allocate memory for trace"); + free(trace); + return 2; + } + trace = p; + GetFromBigBuf(trace, traceLen, 0); + WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK, NULL); + } + + PrintAndLog("Recorded Activity (TraceLen = %d bytes)", traceLen); PrintAndLog(""); PrintAndLog("Start = Start of Start Bit, End = End of last modulation. Src = Source of Transfer"); PrintAndLog("iso14443a - All times are in carrier periods (1/13.56Mhz)"); @@ -591,13 +540,41 @@ int CmdHFList(const char *Cmd) PrintAndLog(" Start | End | Src | Data (! denotes parity error) | CRC | Annotation |"); PrintAndLog("-----------|-----------|-----|-----------------------------------------------------------------|-----|--------------------|"); - while(tracepos < TRACE_SIZE) + while(tracepos < traceLen) { - tracepos = printTraceLine(tracepos, trace, protocol, showWaitCycles); + tracepos = printTraceLine(tracepos, traceLen, trace, protocol, showWaitCycles); } + + free(trace); return 0; } +int CmdHFSearch(const char *Cmd){ + int ans = 0; + PrintAndLog(""); + ans = CmdHF14AReader("s"); + if (ans > 0) { + PrintAndLog("\nValid ISO14443A Tag Found - Quiting Search\n"); + return ans; + } + ans = HFiClassReader("", false, false); + if (ans) { + PrintAndLog("\nValid iClass Tag (or PicoPass Tag) Found - Quiting Search\n"); + return ans; + } + ans = HF15Reader("", false); + if (ans) { + PrintAndLog("\nValid ISO15693 Tag Found - Quiting Search\n"); + return ans; + } + + + //14b has issues currently... + //ans = CmdHF14BRead(Cmd); + //if (ans > 0) return ans; + + return 0; +} static command_t CommandTable[] = { @@ -608,9 +585,11 @@ static command_t CommandTable[] = {"epa", CmdHFEPA, 1, "{ German Identification Card... }"}, {"legic", CmdHFLegic, 0, "{ LEGIC RFIDs... }"}, {"iclass", CmdHFiClass, 1, "{ ICLASS RFIDs... }"}, - {"mf", CmdHFMF, 1, "{ MIFARE RFIDs... }"}, + {"mf", CmdHFMF, 1, "{ MIFARE RFIDs... }"}, + {"mfu", CmdHFMFUltra, 1, "{ MIFARE Ultralight RFIDs... }"}, {"tune", CmdHFTune, 0, "Continuously measure HF antenna tuning"}, - {"list", CmdHFList, 1, "List protocol data in trace buffer"}, + {"list", CmdHFList, 1, "List protocol data in trace buffer"}, + {"search", CmdHFSearch, 1, "Search for known HF tags [preliminary]"}, {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} };