X-Git-Url: http://cvs.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/proxmark3-svn/blobdiff_plain/b8fdac9e6fedfda5e291e437766ed46e3caf7c32..dca8220f729d7855b12c89ecb402958ce6dbc81b:/client/cmddata.c diff --git a/client/cmddata.c b/client/cmddata.c index 7a411324..9bfe58f9 100644 --- a/client/cmddata.c +++ b/client/cmddata.c @@ -68,15 +68,21 @@ void save_restoreDB(uint8_t saveOpt) static uint8_t SavedDB[MAX_DEMOD_BUF_LEN]; static size_t SavedDBlen; static bool DB_Saved = false; + static int savedDemodStartIdx = 0; + static int savedDemodClock = 0; - if (saveOpt==1) { //save + if (saveOpt == GRAPH_SAVE) { //save memcpy(SavedDB, DemodBuffer, sizeof(DemodBuffer)); SavedDBlen = DemodBufferLen; DB_Saved=true; + savedDemodStartIdx = g_DemodStartIdx; + savedDemodClock = g_DemodClock; } else if (DB_Saved) { //restore memcpy(DemodBuffer, SavedDB, sizeof(DemodBuffer)); DemodBufferLen = SavedDBlen; + g_DemodClock = savedDemodClock; + g_DemodStartIdx = savedDemodStartIdx; } return; } @@ -394,7 +400,7 @@ int CmdBiphaseDecodeRaw(const char *Cmd) uint8_t BitStream[MAX_DEMOD_BUF_LEN]={0}; size = sizeof(BitStream); if ( !getDemodBuf(BitStream, &size) ) return 0; - errCnt=BiphaseRawDecode(BitStream, &size, offset, invert); + errCnt=BiphaseRawDecode(BitStream, &size, &offset, invert); if (errCnt<0){ PrintAndLog("Error during decode:%d", errCnt); return 0; @@ -407,10 +413,12 @@ int CmdBiphaseDecodeRaw(const char *Cmd) if (errCnt>0){ PrintAndLog("# Errors found during Demod (shown as 7 in bit stream): %d",errCnt); } + PrintAndLog("Biphase Decoded using offset: %d - # invert:%d - data:",offset,invert); PrintAndLog("%s", sprint_bin_break(BitStream, size, 16)); if (offset) setDemodBuf(DemodBuffer,DemodBufferLen-offset, offset); //remove first bit from raw demod + setClockGrid(g_DemodClock, g_DemodStartIdx + g_DemodClock*offset/2); return 1; } @@ -423,26 +431,28 @@ int ASKbiphaseDemod(const char *Cmd, bool verbose) sscanf(Cmd, "%i %i %i %i", &offset, &clk, &invert, &maxErr); uint8_t BitStream[MAX_GRAPH_TRACE_LEN]; - size_t size = getFromGraphBuf(BitStream); + size_t size = getFromGraphBuf(BitStream); + int startIdx = 0; //invert here inverts the ask raw demoded bits which has no effect on the demod, but we need the pointer - int errCnt = askdemod(BitStream, &size, &clk, &invert, maxErr, 0, 0); + int errCnt = askdemod_ext(BitStream, &size, &clk, &invert, maxErr, 0, 0, &startIdx); if ( errCnt < 0 || errCnt > maxErr ) { if (g_debugMode) PrintAndLog("DEBUG: no data or error found %d, clock: %d", errCnt, clk); return 0; - } + } //attempt to Biphase decode BitStream - errCnt = BiphaseRawDecode(BitStream, &size, offset, invert); + errCnt = BiphaseRawDecode(BitStream, &size, &offset, invert); if (errCnt < 0){ if (g_debugMode || verbose) PrintAndLog("Error BiphaseRawDecode: %d", errCnt); return 0; - } + } if (errCnt > maxErr) { if (g_debugMode || verbose) PrintAndLog("Error BiphaseRawDecode too many errors: %d", errCnt); return 0; } //success set DemodBuffer and return setDemodBuf(BitStream, size, 0); + setClockGrid(clk, startIdx + clk*offset/2); if (g_debugMode || verbose){ PrintAndLog("Biphase Decoded using offset: %d - clock: %d - # errors:%d - data:",offset,clk,errCnt); printDemodBuff(); @@ -503,45 +513,44 @@ int Cmdaskrawdemod(const char *Cmd) return ASKDemod(Cmd, true, false, 0); } -int AutoCorrelate(int window, bool SaveGrph, bool verbose) +int AutoCorrelate(const int *in, int *out, size_t len, int window, bool SaveGrph, bool verbose) { static int CorrelBuffer[MAX_GRAPH_TRACE_LEN]; size_t Correlation = 0; int maxSum = 0; int lastMax = 0; if (verbose) PrintAndLog("performing %d correlations", GraphTraceLen - window); - for (int i = 0; i < GraphTraceLen - window; ++i) { + for (int i = 0; i < len - window; ++i) { int sum = 0; for (int j = 0; j < window; ++j) { - sum += (GraphBuffer[j]*GraphBuffer[i + j]) / 256; + sum += (in[j]*in[i + j]) / 256; } CorrelBuffer[i] = sum; - if (sum >= maxSum-100 && sum <= maxSum+100){ + if (sum >= maxSum-100 && sum <= maxSum+100) { //another max Correlation = i-lastMax; lastMax = i; if (sum > maxSum) maxSum = sum; - } else if (sum > maxSum){ + } else if (sum > maxSum) { maxSum=sum; lastMax = i; } } - if (Correlation==0){ + if (Correlation==0) { //try again with wider margin - for (int i = 0; i < GraphTraceLen - window; i++){ - if (CorrelBuffer[i] >= maxSum-(maxSum*0.05) && CorrelBuffer[i] <= maxSum+(maxSum*0.05)){ + for (int i = 0; i < len - window; i++) { + if (CorrelBuffer[i] >= maxSum-(maxSum*0.05) && CorrelBuffer[i] <= maxSum+(maxSum*0.05)) { //another max Correlation = i-lastMax; lastMax = i; - //if (CorrelBuffer[i] > maxSum) maxSum = sum; } } } if (verbose && Correlation > 0) PrintAndLog("Possible Correlation: %d samples",Correlation); - if (SaveGrph){ - GraphTraceLen = GraphTraceLen - window; - memcpy(GraphBuffer, CorrelBuffer, GraphTraceLen * sizeof (int)); + if (SaveGrph) { + //GraphTraceLen = GraphTraceLen - window; + memcpy(out, CorrelBuffer, len * sizeof(int)); RepaintGraphWindow(); } return Correlation; @@ -574,7 +583,7 @@ int CmdAutoCorr(const char *Cmd) return 0; } if (grph == 'g') updateGrph=true; - return AutoCorrelate(window, updateGrph, true); + return AutoCorrelate(GraphBuffer, GraphBuffer, GraphTraceLen, window, updateGrph, true); } int CmdBitsamples(const char *Cmd) @@ -677,6 +686,18 @@ int CmdGraphShiftZero(const char *Cmd) return 0; } +int AskEdgeDetect(const int *in, int *out, int len, int threshold) { + int Last = 0; + for(int i = 1; i= threshold) //large jump up + Last = 127; + else if(in[i]-in[i-1] <= -1 * threshold) //large jump down + Last = -127; + out[i-1] = Last; + } + return 0; +} + //by marshmellow //use large jumps in read samples to identify edges of waves and then amplify that wave to max //similar to dirtheshold, threshold commands @@ -684,18 +705,12 @@ int CmdGraphShiftZero(const char *Cmd) int CmdAskEdgeDetect(const char *Cmd) { int thresLen = 25; - int Last = 0; + int ans = 0; sscanf(Cmd, "%i", &thresLen); - for(int i = 1; i=thresLen) //large jump up - Last = 127; - else if(GraphBuffer[i]-GraphBuffer[i-1]<=-1*thresLen) //large jump down - Last = -127; - GraphBuffer[i-1] = Last; - } + ans = AskEdgeDetect(GraphBuffer, GraphBuffer, GraphTraceLen, thresLen); RepaintGraphWindow(); - return 0; + return ans; } /* Print our clock rate */ @@ -794,12 +809,12 @@ int FSKrawDemod(const char *Cmd, bool verbose) if (!rfLen) rfLen = 50; } int startIdx = 0; - int size = fskdemod_ext(BitStream, BitLen, rfLen, invert, fchigh, fclow, &startIdx); + int size = fskdemod(BitStream, BitLen, rfLen, invert, fchigh, fclow, &startIdx); if (size > 0) { setDemodBuf(BitStream,size,0); setClockGrid(rfLen, startIdx); - - // Now output the bitstream to the scrollback by line of 16 bits + + // Now output the bitstream to the scrollback by line of 16 bits if (verbose || g_debugMode) { PrintAndLog("\nUsing Clock:%u, invert:%u, fchigh:%u, fclow:%u", (unsigned int)rfLen, (unsigned int)invert, (unsigned int)fchigh, (unsigned int)fclow); PrintAndLog("%s decoded bitstream:",GetFSKType(fchigh,fclow,invert)); @@ -1060,7 +1075,8 @@ int CmdRawDemod(const char *Cmd) void setClockGrid(int clk, int offset) { g_DemodStartIdx = offset; g_DemodClock = clk; - PrintAndLog("demodoffset %d, clk %d",offset,clk); + if (g_debugMode) PrintAndLog("demodoffset %d, clk %d",offset,clk); + if (offset > clk) offset %= clk; if (offset < 0) offset += clk; @@ -1218,6 +1234,7 @@ int getSamples(int n, bool silent) } setClockGrid(0,0); + DemodBufferLen = 0; RepaintGraphWindow(); return 0; } @@ -1264,26 +1281,36 @@ int CmdTuneSamples(const char *Cmd) peakf = resp.arg[2] & 0xffff; peakv = resp.arg[2] >> 16; PrintAndLog(""); - PrintAndLog("# LF antenna: %5.2f V @ 125.00 kHz", vLf125/1000.0); - PrintAndLog("# LF antenna: %5.2f V @ 134.00 kHz", vLf134/1000.0); - PrintAndLog("# LF optimal: %5.2f V @%9.2f kHz", peakv/1000.0, 12000.0/(peakf+1)); - PrintAndLog("# HF antenna: %5.2f V @ 13.56 MHz", vHf/1000.0); - - #define LF_UNUSABLE_V 2948 // was 2000. Changed due to bugfix in voltage measurements. LF results are now 47% higher. - #define LF_MARGINAL_V 14739 // was 10000. Changed due to bugfix bug in voltage measurements. LF results are now 47% higher. - #define HF_UNUSABLE_V 3167 // was 2000. Changed due to bugfix in voltage measurements. HF results are now 58% higher. - #define HF_MARGINAL_V 7917 // was 5000. Changed due to bugfix in voltage measurements. HF results are now 58% higher. - - if (peakv < LF_UNUSABLE_V) - PrintAndLog("# Your LF antenna is unusable."); - else if (peakv < LF_MARGINAL_V) - PrintAndLog("# Your LF antenna is marginal."); - if (vHf < HF_UNUSABLE_V) - PrintAndLog("# Your HF antenna is unusable."); - else if (vHf < HF_MARGINAL_V) - PrintAndLog("# Your HF antenna is marginal."); - - if (peakv >= LF_UNUSABLE_V) { + if (arg & FLAG_TUNE_LF) + { + PrintAndLog("# LF antenna: %5.2f V @ 125.00 kHz", vLf125/500.0); + PrintAndLog("# LF antenna: %5.2f V @ 134.00 kHz", vLf134/500.0); + PrintAndLog("# LF optimal: %5.2f V @%9.2f kHz", peakv/500.0, 12000.0/(peakf+1)); + } + if (arg & FLAG_TUNE_HF) + PrintAndLog("# HF antenna: %5.2f V @ 13.56 MHz", vHf/1000.0); + + #define LF_UNUSABLE_V 3000 + #define LF_MARGINAL_V 15000 + #define HF_UNUSABLE_V 3200 + #define HF_MARGINAL_V 8000 + + if (arg & FLAG_TUNE_LF) + { + if (peakv<<1 < LF_UNUSABLE_V) + PrintAndLog("# Your LF antenna is unusable."); + else if (peakv<<1 < LF_MARGINAL_V) + PrintAndLog("# Your LF antenna is marginal."); + } + if (arg & FLAG_TUNE_HF) + { + if (vHf < HF_UNUSABLE_V) + PrintAndLog("# Your HF antenna is unusable."); + else if (vHf < HF_MARGINAL_V) + PrintAndLog("# Your HF antenna is marginal."); + } + + if (peakv<<1 >= LF_UNUSABLE_V) { for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) { GraphBuffer[i] = resp.d.asBytes[i] - 128; } @@ -1322,6 +1349,7 @@ int CmdLoad(const char *Cmd) fclose(f); PrintAndLog("loaded %d samples", GraphTraceLen); setClockGrid(0,0); + DemodBufferLen = 0; RepaintGraphWindow(); return 0; } @@ -1379,8 +1407,7 @@ int CmdNorm(const char *Cmd) if (max != min) { for (i = 0; i < GraphTraceLen; ++i) { - GraphBuffer[i] = (GraphBuffer[i] - ((max + min) / 2)) * 256 / - (max - min); + GraphBuffer[i] = ((long)(GraphBuffer[i] - ((max + min) / 2)) * 256) / (max - min); //marshmelow: adjusted *1000 to *256 to make +/- 128 so demod commands still work } } @@ -1429,37 +1456,42 @@ int CmdScale(const char *Cmd) return 0; } -int CmdDirectionalThreshold(const char *Cmd) +int directionalThreshold(const int* in, int *out, size_t len, int8_t up, int8_t down) { - int8_t upThres = param_get8(Cmd, 0); - int8_t downThres = param_get8(Cmd, 1); - - printf("Applying Up Threshold: %d, Down Threshold: %d\n", upThres, downThres); - - int lastValue = GraphBuffer[0]; - GraphBuffer[0] = 0; // Will be changed at the end, but init 0 as we adjust to last samples value if no threshold kicks in. + int lastValue = in[0]; + out[0] = 0; // Will be changed at the end, but init 0 as we adjust to last samples value if no threshold kicks in. - for (int i = 1; i < GraphTraceLen; ++i) { + for (int i = 1; i < len; ++i) { // Apply first threshold to samples heading up - if (GraphBuffer[i] >= upThres && GraphBuffer[i] > lastValue) + if (in[i] >= up && in[i] > lastValue) { - lastValue = GraphBuffer[i]; // Buffer last value as we overwrite it. - GraphBuffer[i] = 127; + lastValue = out[i]; // Buffer last value as we overwrite it. + out[i] = 1; } // Apply second threshold to samples heading down - else if (GraphBuffer[i] <= downThres && GraphBuffer[i] < lastValue) + else if (in[i] <= down && in[i] < lastValue) { - lastValue = GraphBuffer[i]; // Buffer last value as we overwrite it. - GraphBuffer[i] = -127; + lastValue = out[i]; // Buffer last value as we overwrite it. + out[i] = -1; } else { - lastValue = GraphBuffer[i]; // Buffer last value as we overwrite it. - GraphBuffer[i] = GraphBuffer[i-1]; - + lastValue = out[i]; // Buffer last value as we overwrite it. + out[i] = out[i-1]; } } - GraphBuffer[0] = GraphBuffer[1]; // Aline with first edited sample. + out[0] = out[1]; // Align with first edited sample. + return 0; +} + +int CmdDirectionalThreshold(const char *Cmd) +{ + int8_t upThres = param_get8(Cmd, 0); + int8_t downThres = param_get8(Cmd, 1); + + printf("Applying Up Threshold: %d, Down Threshold: %d\n", upThres, downThres); + + directionalThreshold(GraphBuffer, GraphBuffer,GraphTraceLen, upThres, downThres); RepaintGraphWindow(); return 0; } @@ -1585,6 +1617,205 @@ int Cmdhex2bin(const char *Cmd) return 0; } + /* // example of FSK2 RF/50 Tones + static const int LowTone[] = { + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1 + }; + static const int HighTone[] = { + 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, // note one extra 1 to padd due to 50/8 remainder (1/2 the remainder) + 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, + 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, // note one extra -1 to padd due to 50/8 remainder + }; + */ +void GetHiLoTone(int *LowTone, int *HighTone, int clk, int LowToneFC, int HighToneFC) { + int i,j=0; + int Left_Modifier = ((clk % LowToneFC) % 2) + ((clk % LowToneFC)/2); + int Right_Modifier = (clk % LowToneFC) / 2; + //int HighToneMod = clk mod HighToneFC; + int LeftHalfFCCnt = (LowToneFC % 2) + (LowToneFC/2); //truncate + int FCs_per_clk = clk/LowToneFC; + + // need to correctly split up the clock to field clocks. + // First attempt uses modifiers on each end to make up for when FCs don't evenly divide into Clk + + // start with LowTone + // set extra 1 modifiers to make up for when FC doesn't divide evenly into Clk + for (i = 0; i < Left_Modifier; i++) { + LowTone[i] = 1; + } + + // loop # of field clocks inside the main clock + for (i = 0; i < (FCs_per_clk); i++) { + // loop # of samples per field clock + for (j = 0; j < LowToneFC; j++) { + LowTone[(i*LowToneFC)+Left_Modifier+j] = ( j < LeftHalfFCCnt ) ? 1 : -1; + } + } + + int k; + // add last -1 modifiers + for (k = 0; k < Right_Modifier; k++) { + LowTone[((i-1)*LowToneFC)+Left_Modifier+j+k] = -1; + } + + // now do hightone + Left_Modifier = ((clk % HighToneFC) % 2) + ((clk % HighToneFC)/2); + Right_Modifier = (clk % HighToneFC) / 2; + LeftHalfFCCnt = (HighToneFC % 2) + (HighToneFC/2); //truncate + FCs_per_clk = clk/HighToneFC; + + for (i = 0; i < Left_Modifier; i++) { + HighTone[i] = 1; + } + + // loop # of field clocks inside the main clock + for (i = 0; i < (FCs_per_clk); i++) { + // loop # of samples per field clock + for (j = 0; j < HighToneFC; j++) { + HighTone[(i*HighToneFC)+Left_Modifier+j] = ( j < LeftHalfFCCnt ) ? 1 : -1; + } + } + + // add last -1 modifiers + for (k = 0; k < Right_Modifier; k++) { + PrintAndLog("(i-1)*HighToneFC+lm+j+k %i",((i-1)*HighToneFC)+Left_Modifier+j+k); + HighTone[((i-1)*HighToneFC)+Left_Modifier+j+k] = -1; + } + if (g_debugMode == 2) { + for ( i = 0; i < clk; i++) { + PrintAndLog("Low: %i, High: %i",LowTone[i],HighTone[i]); + } + } +} + +//old CmdFSKdemod adapted by marshmellow +//converts FSK to clear NRZ style wave. (or demodulates) +int FSKToNRZ(int *data, int *dataLen, int clk, int LowToneFC, int HighToneFC) { + uint8_t ans=0; + if (clk == 0 || LowToneFC == 0 || HighToneFC == 0) { + int firstClockEdge=0; + ans = fskClocks((uint8_t *) &LowToneFC, (uint8_t *) &HighToneFC, (uint8_t *) &clk, false, &firstClockEdge); + if (g_debugMode > 1) { + PrintAndLog ("DEBUG FSKtoNRZ: detected clocks: fc_low %i, fc_high %i, clk %i, firstClockEdge %i, ans %u", LowToneFC, HighToneFC, clk, firstClockEdge, ans); + } + } + // currently only know fsk modulations with field clocks < 10 samples and > 4 samples. filter out to remove false positives (and possibly destroying ask/psk modulated waves...) + if (ans == 0 || clk == 0 || LowToneFC == 0 || HighToneFC == 0 || LowToneFC > 10 || HighToneFC < 4) { + if (g_debugMode > 1) { + PrintAndLog ("DEBUG FSKtoNRZ: no fsk clocks found"); + } + return 0; + } + int LowTone[clk]; + int HighTone[clk]; + GetHiLoTone(LowTone, HighTone, clk, LowToneFC, HighToneFC); + + int i, j; + + // loop through ([all samples] - clk) + for (i = 0; i < *dataLen - clk; ++i) { + int lowSum = 0, highSum = 0; + + // sum all samples together starting from this sample for [clk] samples for each tone (multiply tone value with sample data) + for (j = 0; j < clk; ++j) { + lowSum += LowTone[j] * data[i+j]; + highSum += HighTone[j] * data[i + j]; + } + // get abs( [average sample value per clk] * 100 ) (or a rolling average of sorts) + lowSum = abs(100 * lowSum / clk); + highSum = abs(100 * highSum / clk); + // save these back to buffer for later use + data[i] = (highSum << 16) | lowSum; + } + + // now we have the abs( [average sample value per clk] * 100 ) for each tone + // loop through again [all samples] - clk - 16 + // note why 16??? is 16 the largest FC? changed to LowToneFC as that should be the > fc + for(i = 0; i < *dataLen - clk - LowToneFC; ++i) { + int lowTot = 0, highTot = 0; + + // sum a field clock width of abs( [average sample values per clk] * 100) for each tone + for (j = 0; j < LowToneFC; ++j) { //10 for fsk2 + lowTot += (data[i + j] & 0xffff); + } + for (j = 0; j < HighToneFC; j++) { //8 for fsk2 + highTot += (data[i + j] >> 16); + } + + // subtract the sum of lowTone averages by the sum of highTone averages as it + // and write back the new graph value + data[i] = lowTot - highTot; + } + // update dataLen to what we put back to the data sample buffer + *dataLen -= (clk + LowToneFC); + return 0; +} + +int usage_data_fsktonrz() { + PrintAndLog("Usage: data fsktonrz c l f "); + PrintAndLog("Options: "); + PrintAndLog(" h This help"); + PrintAndLog(" c enter the a clock (omit to autodetect)"); + PrintAndLog(" l enter a field clock (omit to autodetect)"); + PrintAndLog(" f enter a field clock (omit to autodetect)"); + return 0; +} + +int CmdFSKToNRZ(const char *Cmd) { + // take clk, fc_low, fc_high + // blank = auto; + bool errors = false; + int clk = 0; + char cmdp = 0; + int fc_low = 10, fc_high = 8; + while(param_getchar(Cmd, cmdp) != 0x00) + { + switch(param_getchar(Cmd, cmdp)) + { + case 'h': + case 'H': + return usage_data_fsktonrz(); + case 'C': + case 'c': + clk = param_get32ex(Cmd, cmdp+1, 0, 10); + cmdp += 2; + break; + case 'F': + case 'f': + fc_high = param_get32ex(Cmd, cmdp+1, 0, 10); + cmdp += 2; + break; + case 'L': + case 'l': + fc_low = param_get32ex(Cmd, cmdp+1, 0, 10); + cmdp += 2; + break; + default: + PrintAndLog("Unknown parameter '%c'", param_getchar(Cmd, cmdp)); + errors = true; + break; + } + if(errors) break; + } + //Validations + if(errors) return usage_data_fsktonrz(); + + setClockGrid(0,0); + DemodBufferLen = 0; + int ans = FSKToNRZ(GraphBuffer, &GraphTraceLen, clk, fc_low, fc_high); + CmdNorm(""); + RepaintGraphWindow(); + return ans; +} + + static command_t CommandTable[] = { {"help", CmdHelp, 1, "This help"}, @@ -1596,6 +1827,7 @@ static command_t CommandTable[] = {"buffclear", CmdBuffClear, 1, "Clear sample buffer and graph window"}, {"dec", CmdDec, 1, "Decimate samples"}, {"detectclock", CmdDetectClockRate, 1, "[modulation] Detect clock rate of wave in GraphBuffer (options: 'a','f','n','p' for ask, fsk, nrz, psk respectively)"}, + {"fsktonrz", CmdFSKToNRZ, 1, "Convert fsk2 to nrz wave for alternate fsk demodulating (for weak fsk)"}, {"getbitstream", CmdGetBitStream, 1, "Convert GraphBuffer's >=1 values to 1 and <1 to 0"}, {"grid", CmdGrid, 1, " -- overlay grid on graph window, use zero value to turn off either"}, {"hexsamples", CmdHexsamples, 0, " [] -- Dump big buffer as hex bytes"},