X-Git-Url: http://cvs.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/proxmark3-svn/blobdiff_plain/bce5d24494997238052d7f3fa7a3b89df43bce9f..a008a74541b6f6546b8cbfe9ca61fd8ecda72c85:/client/cmdhf14a.c diff --git a/client/cmdhf14a.c b/client/cmdhf14a.c index 673737e2..db9ce46e 100644 --- a/client/cmdhf14a.c +++ b/client/cmdhf14a.c @@ -11,9 +11,11 @@ #include #include +#include #include #include #include "util.h" +#include "util_posix.h" #include "iso14443crc.h" #include "data.h" #include "proxmark3.h" @@ -23,21 +25,114 @@ #include "common.h" #include "cmdmain.h" #include "mifare.h" +#include "cmdhfmfu.h" +#include "mifarehost.h" static int CmdHelp(const char *Cmd); static void waitCmd(uint8_t iLen); +// structure and database for uid -> tagtype lookups +typedef struct { + uint8_t uid; + char* desc; +} manufactureName; + +const manufactureName manufactureMapping[] = { + // ID, "Vendor Country" + { 0x01, "Motorola UK" }, + { 0x02, "ST Microelectronics SA France" }, + { 0x03, "Hitachi, Ltd Japan" }, + { 0x04, "NXP Semiconductors Germany" }, + { 0x05, "Infineon Technologies AG Germany" }, + { 0x06, "Cylink USA" }, + { 0x07, "Texas Instrument France" }, + { 0x08, "Fujitsu Limited Japan" }, + { 0x09, "Matsushita Electronics Corporation, Semiconductor Company Japan" }, + { 0x0A, "NEC Japan" }, + { 0x0B, "Oki Electric Industry Co. Ltd Japan" }, + { 0x0C, "Toshiba Corp. Japan" }, + { 0x0D, "Mitsubishi Electric Corp. Japan" }, + { 0x0E, "Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd Korea" }, + { 0x0F, "Hynix / Hyundai, Korea" }, + { 0x10, "LG-Semiconductors Co. Ltd Korea" }, + { 0x11, "Emosyn-EM Microelectronics USA" }, + { 0x12, "INSIDE Technology France" }, + { 0x13, "ORGA Kartensysteme GmbH Germany" }, + { 0x14, "SHARP Corporation Japan" }, + { 0x15, "ATMEL France" }, + { 0x16, "EM Microelectronic-Marin SA Switzerland" }, + { 0x17, "KSW Microtec GmbH Germany" }, + { 0x18, "ZMD AG Germany" }, + { 0x19, "XICOR, Inc. USA" }, + { 0x1A, "Sony Corporation Japan Identifier Company Country" }, + { 0x1B, "Malaysia Microelectronic Solutions Sdn. Bhd Malaysia" }, + { 0x1C, "Emosyn USA" }, + { 0x1D, "Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics Co. Ltd. P.R. China" }, + { 0x1E, "Magellan Technology Pty Limited Australia" }, + { 0x1F, "Melexis NV BO Switzerland" }, + { 0x20, "Renesas Technology Corp. Japan" }, + { 0x21, "TAGSYS France" }, + { 0x22, "Transcore USA" }, + { 0x23, "Shanghai belling corp., ltd. China" }, + { 0x24, "Masktech Germany Gmbh Germany" }, + { 0x25, "Innovision Research and Technology Plc UK" }, + { 0x26, "Hitachi ULSI Systems Co., Ltd. Japan" }, + { 0x27, "Cypak AB Sweden" }, + { 0x28, "Ricoh Japan" }, + { 0x29, "ASK France" }, + { 0x2A, "Unicore Microsystems, LLC Russian Federation" }, + { 0x2B, "Dallas Semiconductor/Maxim USA" }, + { 0x2C, "Impinj, Inc. USA" }, + { 0x2D, "RightPlug Alliance USA" }, + { 0x2E, "Broadcom Corporation USA" }, + { 0x2F, "MStar Semiconductor, Inc Taiwan, ROC" }, + { 0x30, "BeeDar Technology Inc. USA" }, + { 0x31, "RFIDsec Denmark" }, + { 0x32, "Schweizer Electronic AG Germany" }, + { 0x33, "AMIC Technology Corp Taiwan" }, + { 0x34, "Mikron JSC Russia" }, + { 0x35, "Fraunhofer Institute for Photonic Microsystems Germany" }, + { 0x36, "IDS Microchip AG Switzerland" }, + { 0x37, "Kovio USA" }, + { 0x38, "HMT Microelectronic Ltd Switzerland Identifier Company Country" }, + { 0x39, "Silicon Craft Technology Thailand" }, + { 0x3A, "Advanced Film Device Inc. Japan" }, + { 0x3B, "Nitecrest Ltd UK" }, + { 0x3C, "Verayo Inc. USA" }, + { 0x3D, "HID Global USA" }, + { 0x3E, "Productivity Engineering Gmbh Germany" }, + { 0x3F, "Austriamicrosystems AG (reserved) Austria" }, + { 0x40, "Gemalto SA France" }, + { 0x41, "Renesas Electronics Corporation Japan" }, + { 0x42, "3Alogics Inc Korea" }, + { 0x43, "Top TroniQ Asia Limited Hong Kong" }, + { 0x44, "Gentag Inc (USA) USA" }, + { 0x00, "no tag-info available" } // must be the last entry +}; + + +// get a product description based on the UID +// uid[8] tag uid +// returns description of the best match +char* getTagInfo(uint8_t uid) { + + int i; + int len = sizeof(manufactureMapping) / sizeof(manufactureName); + + for ( i = 0; i < len; ++i ) + if ( uid == manufactureMapping[i].uid) + return manufactureMapping[i].desc; + + //No match, return default + return manufactureMapping[len-1].desc; +} + int CmdHF14AList(const char *Cmd) { PrintAndLog("Deprecated command, use 'hf list 14a' instead"); return 0; } -void iso14a_set_timeout(uint32_t timeout) { - UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {ISO14A_SET_TIMEOUT, 0, timeout}}; - SendCommand(&c); -} - int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd) { UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {ISO14A_CONNECT | ISO14A_NO_DISCONNECT, 0, 0}}; @@ -49,10 +144,21 @@ int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd) iso14a_card_select_t card; memcpy(&card, (iso14a_card_select_t *)resp.d.asBytes, sizeof(iso14a_card_select_t)); - uint64_t select_status = resp.arg[0]; // 0: couldn't read, 1: OK, with ATS, 2: OK, no ATS + uint64_t select_status = resp.arg[0]; // 0: couldn't read, 1: OK, with ATS, 2: OK, no ATS, 3: proprietary Anticollision if(select_status == 0) { - PrintAndLog("iso14443a card select failed"); + if (Cmd[0] != 's') PrintAndLog("iso14443a card select failed"); + // disconnect + c.arg[0] = 0; + c.arg[1] = 0; + c.arg[2] = 0; + SendCommand(&c); + return 0; + } + + if(select_status == 3) { + PrintAndLog("Card doesn't support standard iso14443-3 anticollision"); + PrintAndLog("ATQA : %02x %02x", card.atqa[1], card.atqa[0]); // disconnect c.arg[0] = 0; c.arg[1] = 0; @@ -61,12 +167,68 @@ int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd) return 0; } - PrintAndLog("ATQA : %02x %02x", card.atqa[1], card.atqa[0]); PrintAndLog(" UID : %s", sprint_hex(card.uid, card.uidlen)); + PrintAndLog("ATQA : %02x %02x", card.atqa[1], card.atqa[0]); PrintAndLog(" SAK : %02x [%d]", card.sak, resp.arg[0]); switch (card.sak) { - case 0x00: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Ultralight | Ultralight C"); break; + case 0x00: + + //***************************************test**************** + // disconnect + c.arg[0] = 0; + c.arg[1] = 0; + c.arg[2] = 0; + SendCommand(&c); + + uint32_t tagT = GetHF14AMfU_Type(); + ul_print_type(tagT, 0); + + //reconnect for further tests + c.arg[0] = ISO14A_CONNECT | ISO14A_NO_DISCONNECT; + c.arg[1] = 0; + c.arg[2] = 0; + + SendCommand(&c); + + UsbCommand resp; + WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,&resp); + + memcpy(&card, (iso14a_card_select_t *)resp.d.asBytes, sizeof(iso14a_card_select_t)); + + select_status = resp.arg[0]; // 0: couldn't read, 1: OK, with ATS, 2: OK, no ATS + + if(select_status == 0) { + //PrintAndLog("iso14443a card select failed"); + // disconnect + c.arg[0] = 0; + c.arg[1] = 0; + c.arg[2] = 0; + SendCommand(&c); + return 0; + } + + /* orig + // check if the tag answers to GETVERSION (0x60) + c.arg[0] = ISO14A_RAW | ISO14A_APPEND_CRC | ISO14A_NO_DISCONNECT; + c.arg[1] = 1; + c.arg[2] = 0; + c.d.asBytes[0] = 0x60; + SendCommand(&c); + WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,&resp); + + uint8_t version[10] = {0}; + memcpy(version, resp.d.asBytes, resp.arg[0] < sizeof(version) ? resp.arg[0] : sizeof(version)); + uint8_t len = resp.arg[0] & 0xff; + switch ( len ){ + // todo, identify "Magic UL-C tags". // they usually have a static nonce response to 0x1A command. + // UL-EV1, size, check version[6] == 0x0b (smaller) 0x0b * 4 == 48 + case 0x0A:PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Ultralight EV1 %d bytes", (version[6] == 0xB) ? 48 : 128);break; + case 0x01:PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Ultralight C");break; + case 0x00:PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE Ultralight");break; + } + */ + break; case 0x01: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP TNP3xxx Activision Game Appliance"); break; case 0x04: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE (various !DESFire !DESFire EV1)"); break; case 0x08: PrintAndLog("TYPE : NXP MIFARE CLASSIC 1k | Plus 2k SL1"); break; @@ -83,7 +245,12 @@ int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd) default: ; } - + // Double & triple sized UID, can be mapped to a manufacturer. + // HACK: does this apply for Ultralight cards? + if ( card.uidlen > 4 ) { + PrintAndLog("MANUFACTURER : %s", getTagInfo(card.uid[0])); + } + // try to request ATS even if tag claims not to support it if (select_status == 2) { uint8_t rats[] = { 0xE0, 0x80 }; // FSDI=8 (FSD=256), CID=0 @@ -94,17 +261,10 @@ int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd) SendCommand(&c); WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,&resp); - memcpy(&card.ats, resp.d.asBytes, resp.arg[0]); + memcpy(card.ats, resp.d.asBytes, resp.arg[0]); card.ats_len = resp.arg[0]; // note: ats_len includes CRC Bytes } - // disconnect - c.arg[0] = 0; - c.arg[1] = 0; - c.arg[2] = 0; - SendCommand(&c); - - if(card.ats_len >= 3) { // a valid ATS consists of at least the length byte (TL) and 2 CRC bytes bool ta1 = 0, tb1 = 0, tc1 = 0; int pos; @@ -195,16 +355,16 @@ int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd) PrintAndLog(" x0 -> <1 kByte"); break; case 0x01: - PrintAndLog(" x0 -> 1 kByte"); + PrintAndLog(" x1 -> 1 kByte"); break; case 0x02: - PrintAndLog(" x0 -> 2 kByte"); + PrintAndLog(" x2 -> 2 kByte"); break; case 0x03: - PrintAndLog(" x0 -> 4 kByte"); + PrintAndLog(" x3 -> 4 kByte"); break; case 0x04: - PrintAndLog(" x0 -> 8 kByte"); + PrintAndLog(" x4 -> 8 kByte"); break; } switch (card.ats[pos + 3] & 0xf0) { @@ -243,6 +403,29 @@ int CmdHF14AReader(const char *Cmd) PrintAndLog("proprietary non iso14443-4 card found, RATS not supported"); } + + // try to see if card responses to "chinese magic backdoor" commands. + c.cmd = CMD_MIFARE_CIDENT; + c.arg[0] = 0; + c.arg[1] = 0; + c.arg[2] = 0; + SendCommand(&c); + WaitForResponse(CMD_ACK,&resp); + + uint8_t isGeneration = resp.arg[0] & 0xff; + switch( isGeneration ){ + case 1: PrintAndLog("Answers to chinese magic backdoor commands (GEN 1a): YES"); break; + case 2: PrintAndLog("Answers to chinese magic backdoor commands (GEN 1b): YES"); break; + default: PrintAndLog("Answers to chinese magic backdoor commands: NO"); break; + } + + // disconnect + c.cmd = CMD_READER_ISO_14443a; + c.arg[0] = 0; + c.arg[1] = 0; + c.arg[2] = 0; + SendCommand(&c); + return select_status; } @@ -255,11 +438,11 @@ int CmdHF14ACUIDs(const char *Cmd) n = n > 0 ? n : 1; PrintAndLog("Collecting %d UIDs", n); - PrintAndLog("Start: %u", time(NULL)); + PrintAndLog("Start: %" PRIu64, msclock()/1000); // repeat n times for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) { // execute anticollision procedure - UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {ISO14A_CONNECT, 0, 0}}; + UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {ISO14A_CONNECT | ISO14A_NO_RATS, 0, 0}}; SendCommand(&c); UsbCommand resp; @@ -278,7 +461,7 @@ int CmdHF14ACUIDs(const char *Cmd) PrintAndLog("%s", uid_string); } } - PrintAndLog("End: %u", time(NULL)); + PrintAndLog("End: %" PRIu64, msclock()/1000); return 1; } @@ -300,9 +483,9 @@ int CmdHF14ASim(const char *Cmd) PrintAndLog(" syntax: hf 14a sim "); PrintAndLog(" types: 1 = MIFARE Classic"); PrintAndLog(" 2 = MIFARE Ultralight"); - PrintAndLog(" 3 = MIFARE DESFIRE"); + PrintAndLog(" 3 = MIFARE Desfire"); PrintAndLog(" 4 = ISO/IEC 14443-4"); - PrintAndLog(" 5 = MIFARE TNP3XXX"); + PrintAndLog(" 5 = MIFARE Tnp3xxx"); PrintAndLog(""); return 1; } @@ -315,7 +498,7 @@ int CmdHF14ASim(const char *Cmd) // Are we handling the (optional) second part uid? if (long_uid > 0xffffffff) { - PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443 type A tag with 7 byte UID (%014"llx")",long_uid); + PrintAndLog("Emulating ISO/IEC 14443 type A tag with 7 byte UID (%014" PRIx64 ")",long_uid); // Store the second part c.arg[2] = (long_uid & 0xffffffff); long_uid >>= 32; @@ -368,7 +551,8 @@ int CmdHF14ASim(const char *Cmd) int CmdHF14ASnoop(const char *Cmd) { int param = 0; - if (param_getchar(Cmd, 0) == 'h') { + uint8_t ctmp = param_getchar(Cmd, 0) ; + if (ctmp == 'h' || ctmp == 'H') { PrintAndLog("It get data from the field and saves it into command buffer."); PrintAndLog("Buffer accessible from command hf list 14a."); PrintAndLog("Usage: hf 14a snoop [c][r]"); @@ -379,138 +563,196 @@ int CmdHF14ASnoop(const char *Cmd) { } for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) { - char ctmp = param_getchar(Cmd, i); + ctmp = param_getchar(Cmd, i); if (ctmp == 'c' || ctmp == 'C') param |= 0x01; if (ctmp == 'r' || ctmp == 'R') param |= 0x02; } - UsbCommand c = {CMD_SNOOP_ISO_14443a, {param, 0, 0}}; - SendCommand(&c); - return 0; + UsbCommand c = {CMD_SNOOP_ISO_14443a, {param, 0, 0}}; + SendCommand(&c); + return 0; } + int CmdHF14ACmdRaw(const char *cmd) { - UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {0, 0, 0}}; - uint8_t reply=1; - uint8_t crc=0; - uint8_t power=0; - uint8_t active=0; - uint8_t active_select=0; - uint16_t numbits=0; - char buf[5]=""; - int i=0; - uint8_t data[100]; - unsigned int datalen=0, temp; - - if (strlen(cmd)<2) { - PrintAndLog("Usage: hf 14a raw [-r] [-c] [-p] [-f] [-b] <0A 0B 0C ... hex>"); - PrintAndLog(" -r do not read response"); - PrintAndLog(" -c calculate and append CRC"); - PrintAndLog(" -p leave the signal field ON after receive"); - PrintAndLog(" -a active signal field ON without select"); - PrintAndLog(" -s active signal field ON with select"); - PrintAndLog(" -b number of bits to send. Useful for send partial byte"); - return 0; - } + UsbCommand c = {CMD_READER_ISO_14443a, {0, 0, 0}}; + bool reply=1; + bool crc = false; + bool power = false; + bool active = false; + bool active_select = false; + bool no_rats = false; + uint16_t numbits = 0; + bool bTimeout = false; + uint32_t timeout = 0; + bool topazmode = false; + char buf[5]=""; + int i = 0; + uint8_t data[USB_CMD_DATA_SIZE]; + uint16_t datalen = 0; + uint32_t temp; + + if (strlen(cmd)<2) { + PrintAndLog("Usage: hf 14a raw [-r] [-c] [-p] [-f] [-b] [-t] <0A 0B 0C ... hex>"); + PrintAndLog(" -r do not read response"); + PrintAndLog(" -c calculate and append CRC"); + PrintAndLog(" -p leave the signal field ON after receive"); + PrintAndLog(" -a active signal field ON without select"); + PrintAndLog(" -s active signal field ON with select"); + PrintAndLog(" -b number of bits to send. Useful for send partial byte"); + PrintAndLog(" -t timeout in ms"); + PrintAndLog(" -T use Topaz protocol to send command"); + PrintAndLog(" -3 ISO14443-3 select only (skip RATS)"); + return 0; + } - // strip - while (*cmd==' ' || *cmd=='\t') cmd++; - - while (cmd[i]!='\0') { - if (cmd[i]==' ' || cmd[i]=='\t') { i++; continue; } - if (cmd[i]=='-') { - switch (cmd[i+1]) { - case 'r': - reply=0; - break; - case 'c': - crc=1; - break; - case 'p': - power=1; - break; - case 'a': - active=1; - break; - case 's': - active_select=1; - break; - case 'b': - sscanf(cmd+i+2,"%d",&temp); - numbits = temp & 0xFFFF; - i+=3; - while(cmd[i]!=' ' && cmd[i]!='\0') { i++; } - i-=2; - break; - default: - PrintAndLog("Invalid option"); - return 0; - } - i+=2; - continue; - } - if ((cmd[i]>='0' && cmd[i]<='9') || - (cmd[i]>='a' && cmd[i]<='f') || - (cmd[i]>='A' && cmd[i]<='F') ) { - buf[strlen(buf)+1]=0; - buf[strlen(buf)]=cmd[i]; - i++; - - if (strlen(buf)>=2) { - sscanf(buf,"%x",&temp); - data[datalen]=(uint8_t)(temp & 0xff); - datalen++; - *buf=0; - } - continue; - } - PrintAndLog("Invalid char on input"); - return 0; - } - if(crc && datalen>0) - { - uint8_t first, second; - ComputeCrc14443(CRC_14443_A, data, datalen, &first, &second); - data[datalen++] = first; - data[datalen++] = second; - } - if(active || active_select) - { - c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_CONNECT; - if(active) - c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_NO_SELECT; - } - if(power) - c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_NO_DISCONNECT; - if(datalen>0) - c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_RAW; - - c.arg[1] = datalen; - c.arg[2] = numbits; - memcpy(c.d.asBytes,data,datalen); - - SendCommand(&c); - - if (reply) { - if(active_select) - waitCmd(1); - if(datalen>0) - waitCmd(0); - } // if reply - return 0; + // strip + while (*cmd==' ' || *cmd=='\t') cmd++; + + while (cmd[i]!='\0') { + if (cmd[i]==' ' || cmd[i]=='\t') { i++; continue; } + if (cmd[i]=='-') { + switch (cmd[i+1]) { + case 'r': + reply = false; + break; + case 'c': + crc = true; + break; + case 'p': + power = true; + break; + case 'a': + active = true; + break; + case 's': + active_select = true; + break; + case 'b': + sscanf(cmd+i+2,"%d",&temp); + numbits = temp & 0xFFFF; + i+=3; + while(cmd[i]!=' ' && cmd[i]!='\0') { i++; } + i-=2; + break; + case 't': + bTimeout = true; + sscanf(cmd+i+2,"%d",&temp); + timeout = temp; + i+=3; + while(cmd[i]!=' ' && cmd[i]!='\0') { i++; } + i-=2; + break; + case 'T': + topazmode = true; + break; + case '3': + no_rats = true; + break; + default: + PrintAndLog("Invalid option"); + return 0; + } + i+=2; + continue; + } + if ((cmd[i]>='0' && cmd[i]<='9') || + (cmd[i]>='a' && cmd[i]<='f') || + (cmd[i]>='A' && cmd[i]<='F') ) { + buf[strlen(buf)+1]=0; + buf[strlen(buf)]=cmd[i]; + i++; + + if (strlen(buf)>=2) { + sscanf(buf,"%x",&temp); + data[datalen]=(uint8_t)(temp & 0xff); + *buf=0; + if (datalen > sizeof(data)-1) { + if (crc) + PrintAndLog("Buffer is full, we can't add CRC to your data"); + break; + } else { + datalen++; + } + } + continue; + } + PrintAndLog("Invalid char on input"); + return 0; + } + + if(crc && datalen>0 && datalen MAX_TIMEOUT) { + timeout = MAX_TIMEOUT; + PrintAndLog("Set timeout to 40542 seconds (11.26 hours). The max we can wait for response"); + } + c.arg[2] = 13560000 / 1000 / (8*16) * timeout; // timeout in ETUs (time to transfer 1 bit, approx. 9.4 us) + } + + if(power) { + c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_NO_DISCONNECT; + } + + if(datalen > 0) { + c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_RAW; + } + + if(topazmode) { + c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_TOPAZMODE; + } + + if(no_rats) { + c.arg[0] |= ISO14A_NO_RATS; + } + + // Max buffer is USB_CMD_DATA_SIZE (512) + c.arg[1] = (datalen & 0xFFFF) | ((uint32_t)numbits << 16); + memcpy(c.d.asBytes,data,datalen); + + SendCommand(&c); + + if (reply) { + if(active_select) + waitCmd(1); + if(datalen>0) + waitCmd(0); + } // if reply + return 0; } + static void waitCmd(uint8_t iSelect) { uint8_t *recv; UsbCommand resp; char *hexout; - if (WaitForResponseTimeout(CMD_ACK,&resp,1000)) { + if (WaitForResponseTimeout(CMD_ACK,&resp,1500)) { recv = resp.d.asBytes; uint8_t iLen = iSelect ? resp.arg[1] : resp.arg[0]; - PrintAndLog("received %i octets",iLen); + PrintAndLog("received %i octets", iLen); if(!iLen) return; hexout = (char *)malloc(iLen * 3 + 1); @@ -534,7 +776,7 @@ static command_t CommandTable[] = {"list", CmdHF14AList, 0, "[Deprecated] List ISO 14443a history"}, {"reader", CmdHF14AReader, 0, "Act like an ISO14443 Type A reader"}, {"cuids", CmdHF14ACUIDs, 0, " Collect n>0 ISO14443 Type A UIDs in one go"}, - {"sim", CmdHF14ASim, 0, " -- Fake ISO 14443a tag"}, + {"sim", CmdHF14ASim, 0, " -- Simulate ISO 14443a tag"}, {"snoop", CmdHF14ASnoop, 0, "Eavesdrop ISO 14443 Type A"}, {"raw", CmdHF14ACmdRaw, 0, "Send raw hex data to tag"}, {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL}