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1 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2 // ISO14443-A support for the Proxmark III
3 // Gerhard de Koning Gans, April 2008
4 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5
6 module hi_iso14443a(
7 ck_1356meg,
8 pwr_lo, pwr_hi, pwr_oe1, pwr_oe2, pwr_oe3, pwr_oe4,
9 adc_d, adc_clk,
10 ssp_frame, ssp_din, ssp_dout, ssp_clk,
11 dbg,
12 mod_type
13 );
14 input ck_1356meg;
15 output pwr_lo, pwr_hi, pwr_oe1, pwr_oe2, pwr_oe3, pwr_oe4;
16 input [7:0] adc_d;
17 output adc_clk;
18 input ssp_dout;
19 output ssp_frame, ssp_din, ssp_clk;
20 output dbg;
21 input [3:0] mod_type;
22
23
24 wire adc_clk = ck_1356meg;
25
26
27
28 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
29 // Reader -> PM3:
30 // detecting and shaping the reader's signal. Reader will modulate the carrier by 100% (signal is either on or off). Use a
31 // hysteresis (Schmitt Trigger) to avoid false triggers during slowly increasing or decreasing carrier amplitudes
32 reg after_hysteresis;
33 reg [11:0] has_been_low_for;
34
35 always @(negedge adc_clk)
36 begin
37 if(adc_d >= 16) after_hysteresis <= 1'b1; // U >= 1,14V -> after_hysteresis = 1
38 else if(adc_d < 8) after_hysteresis <= 1'b0; // U < 1,04V -> after_hysteresis = 0
39 // Note: was >= 3,53V and <= 1,19V. The new trigger values allow more reliable detection of the first bit
40 // (it might not reach 3,53V due to the high time constant of the high pass filter in the analogue RF part).
41 // In addition, the new values are more in line with ISO14443-2: "The PICC shall detect the ”End of Pause” after the field exceeds
42 // 5% of H_INITIAL and before it exceeds 60% of H_INITIAL." Depending on the signal strength, 60% might well be less than 3,53V.
43
44
45 // detecting a loss of reader's field (adc_d < 192 for 4096 clock cycles). If this is the case,
46 // set the detected reader signal (after_hysteresis) to '1' (unmodulated)
47 if(adc_d >= 192)
48 begin
49 has_been_low_for <= 12'd0;
50 end
51 else
52 begin
53 if(has_been_low_for == 12'd4095)
54 begin
55 has_been_low_for <= 12'd0;
56 after_hysteresis <= 1'b1;
57 end
58 else
59 begin
60 has_been_low_for <= has_been_low_for + 1;
61 end
62 end
63
64 end
65
66
67
68 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
69 // Reader -> PM3
70 // detect when a reader is active (modulating). We assume that the reader is active, if we see the carrier off for at least 8
71 // carrier cycles. We assume that the reader is inactive, if the carrier stayed high for at least 256 carrier cycles.
72 reg deep_modulation;
73 reg [2:0] deep_counter;
74 reg [8:0] saw_deep_modulation;
75
76 always @(negedge adc_clk)
77 begin
78 if(~(| adc_d[7:0])) // if adc_d == 0 (U <= 0,94V)
79 begin
80 if(deep_counter == 3'd7) // adc_d == 0 for 8 adc_clk ticks -> deep_modulation (by reader)
81 begin
82 deep_modulation <= 1'b1;
83 saw_deep_modulation <= 8'd0;
84 end
85 else
86 deep_counter <= deep_counter + 1;
87 end
88 else
89 begin
90 deep_counter <= 3'd0;
91 if(saw_deep_modulation == 8'd255) // adc_d != 0 for 256 adc_clk ticks -> deep_modulation is over, probably waiting for tag's response
92 deep_modulation <= 1'b0;
93 else
94 saw_deep_modulation <= saw_deep_modulation + 1;
95 end
96 end
97
98
99
100 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
101 // Tag -> PM3
102 // filter the input for a tag's signal. The filter box needs the 4 previous input values and is a gaussian derivative filter
103 // for noise reduction and edge detection.
104 // store 4 previous samples:
105 reg [7:0] input_prev_4, input_prev_3, input_prev_2, input_prev_1;
106
107 always @(negedge adc_clk)
108 begin
109 input_prev_4 <= input_prev_3;
110 input_prev_3 <= input_prev_2;
111 input_prev_2 <= input_prev_1;
112 input_prev_1 <= adc_d;
113 end
114
115 // adc_d_filtered = 2*input_prev4 + 1*input_prev3 + 0*input_prev2 - 1*input_prev1 - 2*input
116 // = (2*input_prev4 + input_prev3) - (2*input + input_prev1)
117 wire [8:0] input_prev_4_times_2 = input_prev_4 << 1;
118 wire [8:0] adc_d_times_2 = adc_d << 1;
119
120 wire [9:0] tmp1 = input_prev_4_times_2 + input_prev_3;
121 wire [9:0] tmp2 = adc_d_times_2 + input_prev_1;
122
123 // convert intermediate signals to signed and calculate the filter output
124 wire signed [10:0] adc_d_filtered = {1'b0, tmp1} - {1'b0, tmp2};
125
126
127
128 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
129 // internal FPGA timing. Maximum required period is 128 carrier clock cycles for a full 8 Bit transfer to ARM. (i.e. we need a
130 // 7 bit counter). Adjust its frequency to external reader's clock when simulating a tag or sniffing.
131 reg pre_after_hysteresis;
132 reg [3:0] reader_falling_edge_time;
133 reg [6:0] negedge_cnt;
134
135 always @(negedge adc_clk)
136 begin
137 // detect a reader signal's falling edge and remember its timing:
138 pre_after_hysteresis <= after_hysteresis;
139 if (pre_after_hysteresis && ~after_hysteresis)
140 begin
141 reader_falling_edge_time[3:0] <= negedge_cnt[3:0];
142 end
143
144 // adjust internal timer counter if necessary:
145 if (negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'd13 && (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER || mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_LISTEN) && deep_modulation)
146 begin
147 if (reader_falling_edge_time == 4'd1) // reader signal changes right after sampling. Better sample earlier next time.
148 begin
149 negedge_cnt <= negedge_cnt + 2; // time warp
150 end
151 else if (reader_falling_edge_time == 4'd0) // reader signal changes right before sampling. Better sample later next time.
152 begin
153 negedge_cnt <= negedge_cnt; // freeze time
154 end
155 else
156 begin
157 negedge_cnt <= negedge_cnt + 1; // Continue as usual
158 end
159 reader_falling_edge_time[3:0] <= 4'd8; // adjust only once per detected edge
160 end
161 else if (negedge_cnt == 7'd127) // normal operation: count from 0 to 127
162 begin
163 negedge_cnt <= 0;
164 end
165 else
166 begin
167 negedge_cnt <= negedge_cnt + 1;
168 end
169 end
170
171
172 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
173 // Tag -> PM3:
174 // determine best possible time for starting/resetting the modulation detector.
175 reg [3:0] mod_detect_reset_time;
176
177 always @(negedge adc_clk)
178 begin
179 if (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_READER_LISTEN)
180 // (our) reader signal changes at negedge_cnt[3:0]=9, tag response expected to start n*16+4 ticks later, further delayed by
181 // 3 ticks ADC conversion. The maximum filter output (edge detected) will be detected after subcarrier zero crossing (+7 ticks).
182 // To allow some timing variances, we want to have the maximum filter outputs well within the detection window, i.e.
183 // at mod_detect_reset_time+4 and mod_detect_reset_time+12 (-4 ticks).
184 // 9 + 4 + 3 + 7 - 4 = 19. 19 mod 16 = 3
185 begin
186 mod_detect_reset_time <= 4'd4;
187 end
188 else
189 if (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER)
190 begin
191 // detect a rising edge of reader's signal and sync modulation detector to the tag's answer:
192 if (~pre_after_hysteresis && after_hysteresis && deep_modulation)
193 // reader signal rising edge detected at negedge_cnt[3:0]. This signal had been delayed
194 // 9 ticks by the RF part + 3 ticks by the A/D converter + 1 tick to assign to after_hysteresis.
195 // Then the same as above.
196 // - 9 - 3 - 1 + 4 + 3 + 7 - 4 = -3
197 begin
198 mod_detect_reset_time <= negedge_cnt[3:0] - 4'd3;
199 end
200 end
201 end
202
203
204 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
205 // Tag -> PM3:
206 // modulation detector. Looks for the steepest falling and rising edges within a 16 clock period. If there is both a significant
207 // falling and rising edge (in any order), a modulation is detected.
208 reg signed [10:0] rx_mod_falling_edge_max;
209 reg signed [10:0] rx_mod_rising_edge_max;
210 reg curbit;
211
212 `define EDGE_DETECT_THRESHOLD 5
213
214 always @(negedge adc_clk)
215 begin
216 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == mod_detect_reset_time)
217 begin
218 // detect modulation signal: if modulating, there must have been a falling AND a rising edge
219 if ((rx_mod_falling_edge_max > `EDGE_DETECT_THRESHOLD) && (rx_mod_rising_edge_max < -`EDGE_DETECT_THRESHOLD))
220 curbit <= 1'b1; // modulation
221 else
222 curbit <= 1'b0; // no modulation
223 // reset modulation detector
224 rx_mod_rising_edge_max <= 0;
225 rx_mod_falling_edge_max <= 0;
226 end
227 else // look for steepest edges (slopes)
228 begin
229 if (adc_d_filtered > 0)
230 begin
231 if (adc_d_filtered > rx_mod_falling_edge_max)
232 rx_mod_falling_edge_max <= adc_d_filtered;
233 end
234 else
235 begin
236 if (adc_d_filtered < rx_mod_rising_edge_max)
237 rx_mod_rising_edge_max <= adc_d_filtered;
238 end
239 end
240
241 end
242
243
244
245 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
246 // Tag+Reader -> PM3
247 // sample 4 bits reader data and 4 bits tag data for sniffing
248 reg [3:0] reader_data;
249 reg [3:0] tag_data;
250
251 always @(negedge adc_clk)
252 begin
253 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'd0)
254 begin
255 reader_data[3:0] <= {reader_data[2:0], after_hysteresis};
256 tag_data[3:0] <= {tag_data[2:0], curbit};
257 end
258 end
259
260
261
262 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
263 // PM3 -> Reader:
264 // a delay line to ensure that we send the (emulated) tag's answer at the correct time according to ISO14443-3
265 reg [31:0] mod_sig_buf;
266 reg [4:0] mod_sig_ptr;
267 reg mod_sig;
268
269 always @(negedge adc_clk)
270 begin
271 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'd0) // sample data at rising edge of ssp_clk - ssp_dout changes at the falling edge.
272 begin
273 mod_sig_buf[31:2] <= mod_sig_buf[30:1]; // shift
274 if (~ssp_dout && ~mod_sig_buf[1])
275 mod_sig_buf[1] <= 1'b0; // delete the correction bit (a single 1 preceded and succeeded by 0)
276 else
277 mod_sig_buf[1] <= mod_sig_buf[0];
278 mod_sig_buf[0] <= ssp_dout; // add new data to the delay line
279
280 mod_sig = mod_sig_buf[mod_sig_ptr]; // the delayed signal.
281 end
282 end
283
284
285
286 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
287 // PM3 -> Reader, internal timing:
288 // a timer for the 1172 cycles fdt (Frame Delay Time). Start the timer with a rising edge of the reader's signal.
289 // set fdt_elapsed when we no longer need to delay data. Set fdt_indicator when we can start sending data.
290 // Note: the FPGA only takes care for the 1172 delay. To achieve an additional 1236-1172=64 ticks delay, the ARM must send
291 // a correction bit (before the start bit). The correction bit will be coded as 00010000, i.e. it adds 4 bits to the
292 // transmission stream, causing the required additional delay.
293 reg [10:0] fdt_counter;
294 reg fdt_indicator, fdt_elapsed;
295 reg [3:0] mod_sig_flip;
296 reg [3:0] sub_carrier_cnt;
297
298 // we want to achieve a delay of 1172. The RF part already has delayed the reader signals's rising edge
299 // by 9 ticks, the ADC took 3 ticks and there is always a delay of 32 ticks by the mod_sig_buf. Therefore need to
300 // count to 1172 - 9 - 3 - 32 = 1128
301 `define FDT_COUNT 11'd1128
302
303 // The ARM must not send too early, otherwise the mod_sig_buf will overflow, therefore signal that we are ready
304 // with fdt_indicator. The mod_sig_buf can buffer 29 excess data bits, i.e. a maximum delay of 29 * 16 = 464 adc_clk ticks.
305 // fdt_indicator is assigned to sendbit after at least 1 tick, the transfer to ARM needs minimum 8 ticks. Response from
306 // ARM could appear at ssp_dout 8 ticks later.
307 // 1128 - 464 - 1 - 8 - 8 = 647
308 `define FDT_INDICATOR_COUNT 11'd647
309 // Note: worst case, assignment to sendbit takes 15 ticks more, and transfer to ARM needs 7*16 = 112 ticks more.
310 // When the ARM's response then appears, the fdt_count is already 647 + 15 + 112 = 774, which still allows the ARM a possible
311 // response window of 1128 - 774 = 354 ticks.
312
313 // reset on a pause in listen mode. I.e. the counter starts when the pause is over:
314 assign fdt_reset = ~after_hysteresis && mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_LISTEN;
315
316 always @(negedge adc_clk)
317 begin
318 if (fdt_reset)
319 begin
320 fdt_counter <= 11'd0;
321 fdt_elapsed <= 1'b0;
322 fdt_indicator <= 1'b0;
323 end
324 else
325 begin
326 if(fdt_counter == `FDT_COUNT)
327 begin
328 if(~fdt_elapsed) // just reached fdt.
329 begin
330 mod_sig_flip <= negedge_cnt[3:0]; // start modulation at this time
331 sub_carrier_cnt <= 4'd0; // subcarrier phase in sync with start of modulation
332 fdt_elapsed <= 1'b1;
333 end
334 else
335 begin
336 sub_carrier_cnt <= sub_carrier_cnt + 1;
337 end
338 end
339 else
340 begin
341 fdt_counter <= fdt_counter + 1;
342 end
343 end
344
345 if(fdt_counter == `FDT_INDICATOR_COUNT) fdt_indicator <= 1'b1;
346 end
347
348
349 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
350 // PM3 -> Reader or Tag
351 // assign a modulation signal to the antenna. This signal is either a delayed signal (to achieve fdt when sending to a reader)
352 // or undelayed when sending to a tag
353 reg mod_sig_coil;
354
355 always @(negedge adc_clk)
356 begin
357 if (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_MOD) // need to take care of proper fdt timing
358 begin
359 if(fdt_counter == `FDT_COUNT)
360 begin
361 if(fdt_elapsed)
362 begin
363 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == mod_sig_flip) mod_sig_coil <= mod_sig;
364 end
365 else
366 begin
367 mod_sig_coil <= mod_sig; // just reached fdt. Immediately assign signal to coil
368 end
369 end
370 end
371 else // other modes: don't delay
372 begin
373 mod_sig_coil <= ssp_dout;
374 end
375 end
376
377
378
379 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
380 // PM3 -> Reader
381 // determine the required delay in the mod_sig_buf (set mod_sig_ptr).
382 reg temp_buffer_reset;
383
384 always @(negedge adc_clk)
385 begin
386 if(fdt_reset)
387 begin
388 mod_sig_ptr <= 5'd0;
389 temp_buffer_reset = 1'b0;
390 end
391 else
392 begin
393 if(fdt_counter == `FDT_COUNT && ~fdt_elapsed) // if we just reached fdt
394 if(~(| mod_sig_ptr[4:0]))
395 mod_sig_ptr <= 5'd8; // ... but didn't buffer a 1 yet, delay next 1 by n*128 ticks.
396 else
397 temp_buffer_reset = 1'b1; // else no need for further delays.
398
399 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'd0) // at rising edge of ssp_clk - ssp_dout changes at the falling edge.
400 begin
401 if((ssp_dout || (| mod_sig_ptr[4:0])) && ~fdt_elapsed) // buffer a 1 (and all subsequent data) until fdt is reached.
402 if (mod_sig_ptr == 5'd31)
403 mod_sig_ptr <= 5'd0; // buffer overflow - data loss.
404 else
405 mod_sig_ptr <= mod_sig_ptr + 1; // increase buffer (= increase delay by 16 adc_clk ticks). mod_sig_ptr always points ahead of first 1.
406 else if(fdt_elapsed && ~temp_buffer_reset)
407 begin
408 // wait for the next 1 after fdt_elapsed before fixing the delay and starting modulation. This ensures that the response can only happen
409 // at intervals of 8 * 16 = 128 adc_clk ticks (as defined in ISO14443-3)
410 if(ssp_dout)
411 temp_buffer_reset = 1'b1;
412 if(mod_sig_ptr == 5'd1)
413 mod_sig_ptr <= 5'd8; // still nothing received, need to go for the next interval
414 else
415 mod_sig_ptr <= mod_sig_ptr - 1; // decrease buffer.
416 end
417 end
418 end
419 end
420
421
422
423 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
424 // FPGA -> ARM communication:
425 // buffer 8 bits data to be sent to ARM. Shift them out bit by bit.
426 reg [7:0] to_arm;
427
428 always @(negedge adc_clk)
429 begin
430 if (negedge_cnt[5:0] == 6'd63) // fill the buffer
431 begin
432 if (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER)
433 begin
434 if(deep_modulation) // a reader is sending (or there's no field at all)
435 begin
436 to_arm <= {reader_data[3:0], 4'b0000}; // don't send tag data
437 end
438 else
439 begin
440 to_arm <= {reader_data[3:0], tag_data[3:0]};
441 end
442 end
443 else
444 begin
445 to_arm[7:0] <= {mod_sig_ptr[4:0], mod_sig_flip[3:1]}; // feedback timing information
446 end
447 end
448
449 if(negedge_cnt[2:0] == 3'b000 && mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER) // shift at double speed
450 begin
451 // Don't shift if we just loaded new data, obviously.
452 if(negedge_cnt[5:0] != 6'd0)
453 begin
454 to_arm[7:1] <= to_arm[6:0];
455 end
456 end
457
458 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'b0000 && mod_type != `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER)
459 begin
460 // Don't shift if we just loaded new data, obviously.
461 if(negedge_cnt[6:0] != 7'd0)
462 begin
463 to_arm[7:1] <= to_arm[6:0];
464 end
465 end
466
467 end
468
469
470 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
471 // FPGA <-> ARM communication:
472 // generate a ssp clock and ssp frame signal for the synchronous transfer from/to the ARM
473 reg ssp_clk;
474 reg ssp_frame;
475
476 always @(negedge adc_clk)
477 begin
478 if(mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER)
479 // FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER mode (ssp_clk = adc_clk / 8, ssp_frame clock = adc_clk / 64)):
480 begin
481 if(negedge_cnt[2:0] == 3'd0)
482 ssp_clk <= 1'b1;
483 if(negedge_cnt[2:0] == 3'd4)
484 ssp_clk <= 1'b0;
485
486 if(negedge_cnt[5:0] == 6'd0) // ssp_frame rising edge indicates start of frame
487 ssp_frame <= 1'b1;
488 if(negedge_cnt[5:0] == 6'd8)
489 ssp_frame <= 1'b0;
490 end
491 else
492 // all other modes (ssp_clk = adc_clk / 16, ssp_frame clock = adc_clk / 128):
493 begin
494 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'd0)
495 ssp_clk <= 1'b1;
496 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'd8)
497 ssp_clk <= 1'b0;
498
499 if(negedge_cnt[6:0] == 7'd7) // ssp_frame rising edge indicates start of frame, sampled on falling edge of ssp_clk
500 ssp_frame <= 1'b1;
501 if(negedge_cnt[6:0] == 7'd23)
502 ssp_frame <= 1'b0;
503 end
504 end
505
506
507
508 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
509 // FPGA -> ARM communication:
510 // select the data to be sent to ARM
511 reg bit_to_arm;
512 reg sendbit;
513
514 always @(negedge adc_clk)
515 begin
516 if(negedge_cnt[3:0] == 4'd0)
517 begin
518 // What do we communicate to the ARM
519 if(mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_LISTEN)
520 sendbit = after_hysteresis;
521 else if(mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_MOD)
522 /* if(fdt_counter > 11'd772) sendbit = mod_sig_coil; // huh?
523 else */
524 sendbit = fdt_indicator;
525 else if (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_READER_LISTEN)
526 sendbit = curbit;
527 else
528 sendbit = 1'b0;
529 end
530
531
532 if(mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_SNIFFER)
533 // send sampled reader and tag data:
534 bit_to_arm = to_arm[7];
535 else if (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_MOD && fdt_elapsed && temp_buffer_reset)
536 // send timing information:
537 bit_to_arm = to_arm[7];
538 else
539 // send data or fdt_indicator
540 bit_to_arm = sendbit;
541 end
542
543
544
545
546 assign ssp_din = bit_to_arm;
547
548 // Subcarrier (adc_clk/16, for FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_MOD only).
549 wire sub_carrier;
550 assign sub_carrier = ~sub_carrier_cnt[3];
551
552 // in FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_READER_MOD: drop carrier for mod_sig_coil==1 (pause); in FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_READER_LISTEN: carrier always on; in other modes: carrier always off
553 assign pwr_hi = (ck_1356meg & (((mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_READER_MOD) & ~mod_sig_coil) || (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_READER_LISTEN)));
554
555
556 // Enable HF antenna drivers:
557 assign pwr_oe1 = 1'b0;
558 assign pwr_oe3 = 1'b0;
559
560 // FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_MOD: short circuit antenna with different resistances (modulated by sub_carrier modulated by mod_sig_coil)
561 // for pwr_oe4 = 1 (tristate): antenna load = 10k || 33 = 32,9 Ohms
562 // for pwr_oe4 = 0 (active): antenna load = 10k || 33 || 33 = 16,5 Ohms
563 assign pwr_oe4 = mod_sig_coil & sub_carrier & (mod_type == `FPGA_HF_ISO14443A_TAGSIM_MOD);
564
565 // This is all LF, so doesn't matter.
566 assign pwr_oe2 = 1'b0;
567 assign pwr_lo = 1'b0;
568
569
570 assign dbg = negedge_cnt[3];
571
572 endmodule
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