[m1-debian] / index.md

This pages explains how to install Debian on Apple Silicon machines.

# Tripwires
The USB-A Port on the Mac Mini will not work in u-boot and grub.  The two
additional USB-3 ports on the iMac 4 port model also don't work in u-boot, grub
and Linux. In order to install Linux on a FileVault-enabled Mac run the
installer from Recovery open Disk Utility > Expanding "Macintosh HD" >
Selecting locked volume > click "Mount".

# Artefacts
If you don't want to use the prebuild artefacts, you can build them yourself using the [bootstrap.sh](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/bootstrap.sh) script.

# Asahi installer

[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/debian_asahi_installer.mp4)

* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.

* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal

* Run the asahi installer and select Debian (1):

        curl -sL tg.st/d | sh

* Follow the installer instructions.

* Once Debian is booted log in as root without password and set a root password

        passwd
        pwconv

* Configure wifi by editing the wpa_supplicant.conf, enabling the interface and remove the # before allow-hotplug to enable it during boot.

        vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
        ifup wlp1s0f0
        vi /etc/network/interfaces

* Reboot to see if grub was correctly installed

        reboot

* Install a desktop environment for example blackbox

        apt-get install -y xinit blackbox xterm firefox-esr lightdm

* Create yourself an unprivileged user

        useradd -m -c 'Firstname Lastname' -s /bin/bash <username>
        passwd <username>

* Optional install sshd. You can not log in as root, but only with your unprivileged user

        apt update
        apt install -y openssh-server

# Debian Installer
[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/m1-d-i.mp4)

**Do not use. It is broken at the moment.**

* Prerequisites

    * USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible to run the Debian installer from another PC using m1n1 chainloading. But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
    * If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.

* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.

* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal

* Run the asahi installer and select m1n1+UEFI:
        curl -sL tg.st/d | sh

* Follow the installer instructions.

* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. On Linux you would use the following:

        # Identify the usb stick device
        lsblk
        DEVICE=/dev/sdX
        parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
        parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
        mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1

        mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
        cd /mnt
        curl -sL https://tg.st/u/m1-d-i.tar | tar -xf -
        umount /mnt

* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian installer should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...

        linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz expert net.ifnames=0
        initrd (hdx,msdos1)/initrd.gz

* If you need wifi, on the first installer page press **Fn + Option + F2** to change to the second terminal, press **return** to activate the console, and issue the following commands to configure wifi

        ./wifi.sh

* Switch back to the primary console by pressing **Fn + Option + F1**.

* Follow the installer along until you end up in the partitioning menu

    * Create one 256M EFI system partition. 512M and 1G partitions fail with an error about wrong clustersize.
    * Create another partition for root

* When you get an error about grub failing, switch to the third console by pressing **Fn + Option + F2**, press **return** to active the console unless already activated, and issue the following commands:

        ./boot.sh

* Switch back to the installer console by pressing **Fn + Option + F1** and continue the installer besides errors. The system will reboot into the newly installed system.

# Livesystem
[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/live.mp4)
* Prerequisites

    * USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible to run the Debian installer from another PC using m1n1 chainloading. But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
    * If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.

* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. Instructions for Linux:

        # Identify the usb stick device
        lsblk
        DEVICE=/dev/sdX
        parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
        parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
        mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1

        mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
        cd /mnt
        curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -xf -
        umount /mnt

In order to format the usb stick under Macos, open the disk utility, right-click on the usb stick (usually the lowest device in the list) and select erase. Choose the following options:

        Name: LIVE
        Format: MS-DOS (FAT)
        Scheme: Master Boot Record

Than open a terminal, and run the following commands:

        sudo su -
        cd /Volumes/LIVE
        curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -xf -

* You need to run the asahi installer and have either an OS installed or m1n1+UEFI.

* If you have a EFI binary on the NVMe and want to boot from the usb stick, you need to interrupt u-boot on the countdoun by pressing any key and run the following comamnd to boot from usb:

        run bootcmd_usb0

* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian livesystem should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...

        linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz
        initrd (hdX,msdos1)/initrd.gz
        boot

* Log in as **root** without password.

* Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to get the networking up, etc.
Commit	Line	Data
bec98e51 TG	1	This pages explains how to install Debian on Apple Silicon machines.
	2
	3	# Tripwires
	4	The USB-A Port on the Mac Mini will not work in u-boot and grub. The two
	5	additional USB-3 ports on the iMac 4 port model also don't work in u-boot, grub
	6	and Linux. In order to install Linux on a FileVault-enabled Mac run the
	7	installer from Recovery open Disk Utility > Expanding "Macintosh HD" >
	8	Selecting locked volume > click "Mount".
	9
	10	# Artefacts
	11	If you don't want to use the prebuild artefacts, you can build them yourself using the [bootstrap.sh](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/bootstrap.sh) script.
	12
	13	# Asahi installer
	14
	15	[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/debian_asahi_installer.mp4)
	16
	17	* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.
	18
	19	* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal
	20
	21	* Run the asahi installer and select Debian (1):
	22
	23	curl -sL tg.st/d \| sh
	24
	25	* Follow the installer instructions.
	26
	27	* Once Debian is booted log in as root without password and set a root password
	28
	29	passwd
	30	pwconv
	31
	32	* Configure wifi by editing the wpa_supplicant.conf, enabling the interface and remove the # before allow-hotplug to enable it during boot.
	33
	34	vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
	35	ifup wlp1s0f0
	36	vi /etc/network/interfaces
	37
	38	* Reboot to see if grub was correctly installed
	39
	40	reboot
	41
	42	* Install a desktop environment for example blackbox
	43
	44	apt-get install -y xinit blackbox xterm firefox-esr lightdm
	45
	46	* Create yourself an unprivileged user
	47
	48	useradd -m -c 'Firstname Lastname' -s /bin/bash <username>
	49	passwd <username>
	50
	51	* Optional install sshd. You can not log in as root, but only with your unprivileged user
	52
	53	apt update
	54	apt install -y openssh-server
	55
	56	# Debian Installer
	57	[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/m1-d-i.mp4)
	58
	59	Do not use. It is broken at the moment.
	60
	61	* Prerequisites
	62
	63	* USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible to run the Debian installer from another PC using m1n1 chainloading. But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
	64	* If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.
65
66	* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.
67
68	* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal
69
70	* Run the asahi installer and select m1n1+UEFI:
71	curl -sL tg.st/d \| sh
72
73	* Follow the installer instructions.
74
75	* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. On Linux you would use the following:
76
77	# Identify the usb stick device
78	lsblk
79	DEVICE=/dev/sdX
80	parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
81	parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
82	mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1
83
84	mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
85	cd /mnt
86	curl -sL https://tg.st/u/m1-d-i.tar \| tar -xf -
87	umount /mnt
88
89	* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian installer should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...
90
91	linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz expert net.ifnames=0
92	initrd (hdx,msdos1)/initrd.gz
93
94	* If you need wifi, on the first installer page press Fn + Option + F2 to change to the second terminal, press return to activate the console, and issue the following commands to configure wifi
95
96	./wifi.sh
97
98	* Switch back to the primary console by pressing Fn + Option + F1.
99
100	* Follow the installer along until you end up in the partitioning menu
101
102	* Create one 256M EFI system partition. 512M and 1G partitions fail with an error about wrong clustersize.
103	* Create another partition for root
104
105	* When you get an error about grub failing, switch to the third console by pressing Fn + Option + F2, press return to active the console unless already activated, and issue the following commands:
106
107	./boot.sh
108
109	* Switch back to the installer console by pressing Fn + Option + F1 and continue the installer besides errors. The system will reboot into the newly installed system.
110
111	# Livesystem
112	[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/live.mp4)
113	* Prerequisites
114
115	* USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible to run the Debian installer from another PC using m1n1 chainloading. But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
116	* If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.
117
118	* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. Instructions for Linux:
119
120	# Identify the usb stick device
121	lsblk
122	DEVICE=/dev/sdX
123	parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
124	parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
125	mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1
126
127	mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
128	cd /mnt
129	curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar \| tar -xf -
130	umount /mnt
131
132	In order to format the usb stick under Macos, open the disk utility, right-click on the usb stick (usually the lowest device in the list) and select erase. Choose the following options:
133
134	Name: LIVE
135	Format: MS-DOS (FAT)
136	Scheme: Master Boot Record
137
138	Than open a terminal, and run the following commands:
139
140	sudo su -
141	cd /Volumes/LIVE
142	curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar \| tar -xf -
143
144	* You need to run the asahi installer and have either an OS installed or m1n1+UEFI.
145
146	* If you have a EFI binary on the NVMe and want to boot from the usb stick, you need to interrupt u-boot on the countdoun by pressing any key and run the following comamnd to boot from usb:
147
148	run bootcmd_usb0
149
150	* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian livesystem should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...
151
152	linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz
153	initrd (hdX,msdos1)/initrd.gz
154	boot
155
156	* Log in as root without password.
157
158	* Consult the [/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt) file to find out how to get the networking up, etc.