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1This pages explains how to install Debian on Apple Silicon machines.
2
3# Tripwires
4The USB-A Port on the Mac Mini will not work in u-boot and grub. The two
5additional USB-3 ports on the iMac 4 port model also don't work in u-boot, grub
6and Linux. In order to install Linux on a FileVault-enabled Mac run the
7installer from Recovery open Disk Utility > Expanding "Macintosh HD" >
8Selecting locked volume > click "Mount".
9
10# Artefacts
11If you don't want to use the prebuild artefacts, you can build them yourself using the [bootstrap.sh](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/bootstrap.sh) script.
12
13# Asahi installer
14
15[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/debian_asahi_installer.mp4)
16
17* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.
18
19* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal
20
21* Run the asahi installer and select Debian (1):
22
23 curl -sL tg.st/d | sh
24
25* Follow the installer instructions.
26
27* Once Debian is booted log in as root without password and set a root password
28
29 passwd
30 pwconv
31
32* Configure wifi by editing the wpa_supplicant.conf, enabling the interface and remove the # before allow-hotplug to enable it during boot.
33
34 vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
35 ifup wlp1s0f0
36 vi /etc/network/interfaces
37
38* Reboot to see if grub was correctly installed
39
40 reboot
41
42* Install a desktop environment for example blackbox
43
44 apt-get install -y xinit blackbox xterm firefox-esr lightdm
45
46* Create yourself an unprivileged user
47
48 useradd -m -c 'Firstname Lastname' -s /bin/bash <username>
49 passwd <username>
50
51* Optional install sshd. You can not log in as root, but only with your unprivileged user
52
53 apt update
54 apt install -y openssh-server
55
56# Debian Installer
57[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/m1-d-i.mp4)
58
59**Do not use. It is broken at the moment.**
60
61* Prerequisites
62
63 * USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible to run the Debian installer from another PC using m1n1 chainloading. But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
64 * If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.
65
66* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.
67
68* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal
69
70* Run the asahi installer and select m1n1+UEFI:
71 curl -sL tg.st/d | sh
72
73* Follow the installer instructions.
74
75* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. On Linux you would use the following:
76
77 # Identify the usb stick device
78 lsblk
79 DEVICE=/dev/sdX
80 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
81 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
82 mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1
83
84 mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
85 cd /mnt
86 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/m1-d-i.tar | tar -xf -
87 umount /mnt
88
89* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian installer should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...
90
91 linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz expert net.ifnames=0
92 initrd (hdx,msdos1)/initrd.gz
93
94* If you need wifi, on the first installer page press **Fn + Option + F2** to change to the second terminal, press **return** to activate the console, and issue the following commands to configure wifi
95
96 ./wifi.sh
97
98* Switch back to the primary console by pressing **Fn + Option + F1**.
99
100* Follow the installer along until you end up in the partitioning menu
101
102 * Create one 256M EFI system partition. 512M and 1G partitions fail with an error about wrong clustersize.
103 * Create another partition for root
104
105* When you get an error about grub failing, switch to the third console by pressing **Fn + Option + F2**, press **return** to active the console unless already activated, and issue the following commands:
106
107 ./boot.sh
108
109* Switch back to the installer console by pressing **Fn + Option + F1** and continue the installer besides errors. The system will reboot into the newly installed system.
110
111# Livesystem
112[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/live.mp4)
113* Prerequisites
114
115 * USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible to run the Debian installer from another PC using m1n1 chainloading. But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
116 * If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.
117
118* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. Instructions for Linux:
119
120 # Identify the usb stick device
121 lsblk
122 DEVICE=/dev/sdX
123 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
124 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
125 mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1
126
127 mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt
128 cd /mnt
129 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -xf -
130 umount /mnt
131
132In order to format the usb stick under Macos, open the disk utility, right-click on the usb stick (usually the lowest device in the list) and select erase. Choose the following options:
133
134 Name: LIVE
135 Format: MS-DOS (FAT)
136 Scheme: Master Boot Record
137
138Than open a terminal, and run the following commands:
139
140 sudo su -
141 cd /Volumes/LIVE
142 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -xf -
143
144* You need to run the asahi installer and have either an OS installed or m1n1+UEFI.
145
146* If you have a EFI binary on the NVMe and want to boot from the usb stick, you need to interrupt u-boot on the countdoun by pressing any key and run the following comamnd to boot from usb:
147
148 run bootcmd_usb0
149
150* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian livesystem should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...
151
152 linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz
153 initrd (hdX,msdos1)/initrd.gz
154 boot
155
156* Log in as **root** without password.
157
158* Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to get the networking up, etc.
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