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1This pages explains how to install Debian on Apple Silicon machines.
2
3# Tripwires
4The USB-A Port on the Mac Mini will not work in u-boot and grub. The two
5additional USB-3 ports on the iMac 4 port model don't work in u-boot, grub
6and Linux. In order to install Linux on a FileVault-enabled Mac run the
7installer from Recovery open Disk Utility > Expanding "Macintosh HD" >
8Selecting locked volume > click "Mount". Debian does not include the choosen
9EFI patch. As a result it will always pick the first ESP partition. This can be
10problematic if you're using multiple ESP partitions for example when having
11multiple Linux and BSD installations.
12
13# Artefacts
14If you don't want to use the prebuild artefacts, you can build them yourself
15using the following scripts:
16
17 - prepare_rust.sh - Prepares a rust installation suitable for kernel compilation
18 - m1n1_uboot_kernel.sh - Builds m1n1, u-boot and the kernel including gpu support.
19 - mesa.sh - Creates mesa packages
20 - bootstrap.sh - Creates Debian root and live filesystem
21 - meta.sh - Meta package which makes sure that we always get latest and greatest kernel.
22
23# Asahi installer
24
25[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/debian_asahi_installer.mp4)
26
27* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.
28
29* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal
30
31* Run the asahi installer and select Debian:
32
33 curl -sL https://tg.st/d | sh
34
35* Follow the installer instructions.
36
37* Once Debian is booted log in as root without password and set a root password
38
39 passwd
40 pwconv
41
42* Configure wifi by editing the wpa_supplicant.conf, enabling the interface and remove the # before allow-hotplug to enable it during boot.
43
44 vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
45 ifup wlan0
46 vi /etc/network/interfaces
47
48* Reboot to see if grub was correctly installed
49
50 reboot
51
52* Install a desktop environment for example blackbox
53
54 apt-get update
55 apt-get install -y xinit blackbox xterm firefox-esr lightdm
56
57* Create yourself an unprivileged user
58
59 useradd -m -c 'Firstname Lastname' -s /bin/bash <username>
60 passwd <username>
61
62* Optional install sshd. You can not log in as root, but only with your unprivileged user
63
64 apt update
65 apt install -y openssh-server
66
67* Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to do other interesting things.
68
69# Livesystem
70
71[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/live.mp4)
72
73* Prerequisites
74
75 - USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible
76 to run the Debian livesystem from another PC using m1n1 chainloading.
77 But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
78 - If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.
79
80* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. Instructions for Linux:
81
82 # Identify the usb stick device
83 lsblk
84
85 DEVICE=/dev/sdX
86 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
87 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
88 mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1
89 mount ${DEVICE}1 /mnt
90 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -C /mnt -xf -
91 umount /mnt
92
93In order to format the usb stick under Macos, open the disk utility, right-click on the usb stick (usually the lowest device in the list) and select erase. Choose the following options:
94
95 Name: LIVE
96 Format: MS-DOS (FAT)
97 Scheme: Master Boot Record
98
99Than open a terminal, and run the following commands:
100
101 sudo su -
102 cd /Volumes/LIVE
103 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -xf -
104
105* You need to run the asahi installer and have either an OS installed or m1n1+UEFI.
106
107* If you have a EFI binary on the NVMe and want to boot from the usb stick, you need to interrupt u-boot on the countdown by pressing any key and run the following comamnd to boot from usb:
108
109 run bootcmd_usb0
110
111* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian livesystem should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...
112
113 linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz
114 initrd (hdX,msdos1)/initrd.gz
115 boot
116
117* Log in as **root** without password.
118
119* Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to get the networking up, etc.
120
121# FAQ
122
123* If I install Debian, will it be easy to update the Asahi work as it develops?
124
125Yes, long answer below.
126
127To update the kernel to the lastest "stable" asahi branch you need to run
128as root:
129
130 apt update
131 apt upgrade
132
133For installations before 2022-12-12, see <https://thomas.glanzmann.de/asahi/README.txt>
134
135Later it might be necessary to upgrade the stub parition in order to
136support the GPU code. As soon as that happens, I'll add the
137instructions and a video in order to do so, but short version is:
138
139 - Backup /boot/efi/EFI
140 - Delete the old stub and efi/esp partition
141 - Rerun the asahi installer with m1n1+u-boot option
142 - Put the /boot/efi/EFI back
143
144So, you never need to reinstall Debian. Kernel updates are easy, stub
145updates are a little bit more cumbersome but also seldom.
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