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1This pages explains how to install Debian on Apple Silicon machines.
2
3# Tripwires
4The USB-A Port on the Mac Mini will not work in u-boot and grub. The two
5additional USB-3 ports on the iMac 4 port model don't work in u-boot, grub
6and Linux. In order to install Linux on a FileVault-enabled Mac run the
7installer from Recovery open Disk Utility > Expanding "Macintosh HD" >
8Selecting locked volume > click "Mount". Debian does not include the choosen
9EFI patch. As a result it will always pick the first ESP partition. This can be
10problematic if you're using multiple ESP partitions for example when having
11multiple Linux and BSD installations.
12
13# Artefacts
14If you don't want to use the prebuild artefacts, you can build them yourself
15using the following scripts:
16
17 - prepare_rust.sh - Prepares a rust installation suitable for kernel compilation
18 - m1n1_uboot_kernel.sh - Builds m1n1, u-boot and the kernel including gpu support.
19 - mesa.sh - Creates mesa packages
20 - bootstrap.sh - Creates Debian root and live filesystem
21 - meta.sh - Meta package which makes sure that we always get latest and greatest kernel.
22
23# Asahi installer
24
25[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/debian_asahi_installer.mp4)
26
27* Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.
28
29* In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal
30
31* Run the asahi installer and select Debian:
32
33 curl -sL https://tg.st/d | sh
34
35* Follow the installer instructions.
36
37* Once Debian is booted log in as root without password and set a root password
38
39 passwd
40 pwconv
41
42* Configure wifi by editing the wpa_supplicant.conf, enabling the interface and remove the # before allow-hotplug to enable it during boot.
43
44 vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
45 ifup wlan0
46 vi /etc/network/interfaces
47
48* Reboot to see if grub was correctly installed
49
50 reboot
51
52* Install a desktop environment for example blackbox
53
54 apt-get update
55 apt-get install -y xinit blackbox xterm firefox-esr lightdm
56
57* Create yourself an unprivileged user
58
59 useradd -m -c 'Firstname Lastname' -s /bin/bash <username>
60 passwd <username>
61
62* Optional install sshd. You can not log in as root, but only with your unprivileged user
63
64 apt update
65 apt install -y openssh-server
66
67* Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to do other interesting things.
68
69# Livesystem
70
71[Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/live.mp4)
72
73* Prerequisites
74
75 - USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible
76 to run the Debian livesystem from another PC using m1n1 chainloading.
77 But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
78 - If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.
79
80* Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. Instructions for Linux:
81
82 # Identify the usb stick device
83 lsblk
84
85 DEVICE=/dev/sdX
86 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
87 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
88 mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1
89 mount ${DEVICE}1 /mnt
90 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -C /mnt -xf -
91 umount /mnt
92
93In order to format the usb stick under Macos, open the disk utility, right-click on the usb stick (usually the lowest device in the list) and select erase. Choose the following options:
94
95 Name: LIVE
96 Format: MS-DOS (FAT)
97 Scheme: Master Boot Record
98
99Than open a terminal, and run the following commands:
100
101 sudo su -
102 cd /Volumes/LIVE
103 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -xf -
104
105* You need to run the asahi installer and have either an OS installed or m1n1+UEFI.
106
107* If you have a EFI binary on the NVMe and want to boot from the usb stick, you need to interrupt u-boot on the countdown by pressing any key and run the following comamnd to boot from usb:
108
109 env set boot_efi_bootmgr; run bootcmd_usb0
110
111* Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian livesystem should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...
112
113 linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz
114 initrd (hdX,msdos1)/initrd.gz
115 boot
116
117* Log in as **root** without password.
118
119* Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to get the networking up, etc.
120
121# FAQ
122
123## How to enable spakers?
124
125Currently speakers are only supported on M1 air. Install the necessary packages:
126
127 apt update
128 apt upgrade -y
129 apt dist-upgrade -y
130 apt install -y alsa-ucm-conf-asahi speakersafetyd
131 reboot
132
133After the reboot I need to restart the speakersafetyd in order to hear sound out of the speakers:
134
135 sudo systemctl restart speakersafetyd
136
137## Does it work on M2?
138
139Yes, M3 is not yet supported.
140
141## Are you still maintaining this?
142
143Yes, I do and will continue doing this until there is an official Debian installer.
144
145## If I install Debian, will it be easy to update the Asahi work as it develops?
146
147Yes, long answer below.
148
149To update the kernel to the lastest "stable" asahi branch you need to run
150as root:
151
152 apt update
153 apt upgrade
154
155For installations before 2022-12-12, see <https://thomas.glanzmann.de/asahi/README.txt>
156
157Later it might be necessary to upgrade the stub partion in order to
158support the GPU code. As soon as that happens, I'll add the
159instructions and a video in order to do so, but short version is:
160
161 - Backup /boot/efi/EFI
162 - Delete the old stub and efi/esp partition
163 - Rerun the asahi installer with m1n1+u-boot option
164 - Put the /boot/efi/EFI back
165
166So, you never need to reinstall Debian. Kernel updates are easy, stub
167updates are a little bit more cumbersome but also seldom.
168
169## How do I compile zfs on apple silicon debian?
170
171- In order to build zfs you need the rust environment. So from the m1-debian
172 repository you have to run these scripts:
173
174 ./dependencies.sh
175 ./prepare_rust.sh
176
177- Prepare your zfs build environment. You need to replace
178 /home/sithglan/work/m1-debian with your path to
179 your m1-debian checkout:
180
181 export CARGO_HOME="/home/sithglan/work/m1-debian/build/cargo"
182 export RUSTUP_HOME="/home/sithglan/work/m1-debian/build/rust"
183 source "/home/sithglan/work/m1-debian/build/cargo/env"
184
185- Tell zfs which version of clang you use to compile the kernel:
186
187 export KERNEL_LLVM=-15
188
189- Checkout ZFS:
190
191 git clone https://github.com/openzfs/zfs
192 cd ./zfs
193 git checkout master
194
195- Apply the following patch:
196
197 diff --git a/META b/META
198 index 3919b0d..67c9f7d 100644
199 --- a/META
200 +++ b/META
201 @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Branch: 1.0
202 Version: 2.2.99
203 Release: 1
204 Release-Tags: relext
205 -License: CDDL
206 +License: GPL
207 Author: OpenZFS
208 Linux-Maximum: 6.4
209 Linux-Minimum: 3.10
210
211- Build ZFS:
212
213 sh autogen.sh
214 ./configure
215 make -s -j$(nproc)
216
217- Follow the instructions on <https://openzfs.github.io/openzfs-docs/Developer%20Resources/Building%20ZFS.html> how to install it.
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