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1 This pages explains how to install Debian on Apple Silicon machines.
2
3 # Tripwires
4 The USB-A Port on the Mac Mini will not work in u-boot and grub. The two
5 additional USB-3 ports on the iMac 4 port model don't work in u-boot, grub
6 and Linux. In order to install Linux on a FileVault-enabled Mac run the
7 installer from Recovery open Disk Utility > Expanding "Macintosh HD" >
8 Selecting locked volume > click "Mount". Debian does not include the choosen
9 EFI patch. As a result it will always pick the first ESP partition. This can be
10 problematic if you're using multiple ESP partitions for example when having
11 multiple Linux and BSD installations.
12
13 # Artefacts
14 If you don't want to use the prebuild artefacts, you can build them yourself
15 using the following scripts:
16
17 - prepare_rust.sh - Prepares a rust installation suitable for kernel compilation
18 - m1n1_uboot_kernel.sh - Builds m1n1, u-boot and the kernel including gpu support.
19 - mesa.sh - Creates mesa packages
20 - bootstrap.sh - Creates Debian root and live filesystem
21 - libunwind.sh - Builds libunwind that does not crash on 16kb pages
22 - meta.sh - Meta package which makes sure that we always get latest and gratest kernel.
23
24 # Asahi installer
25
26 [Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/debian_asahi_installer.mp4)
27
28 * Poweroff your Mac. Hold and press the power button until you see a wheel chain and Options written below. Approx 20 seconds.
29
30 * In the boot picker, choose Options. Once loaded, open a Terminal under Utilities > Terminal
31
32 * Run the asahi installer and select Debian:
33
34 curl -sL https://tg.st/d | sh
35
36 * Follow the installer instructions.
37
38 * Once Debian is booted log in as root without password and set a root password
39
40 passwd
41 pwconv
42
43 * Configure wifi by editing the wpa_supplicant.conf, enabling the interface and remove the # before allow-hotplug to enable it during boot.
44
45 vi /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
46 ifup wlan0
47 vi /etc/network/interfaces
48
49 * Reboot to see if grub was correctly installed
50
51 reboot
52
53 * Install a desktop environment for example blackbox
54
55 apt-get update
56 apt-get install -y xinit blackbox xterm firefox-esr lightdm
57
58 * Create yourself an unprivileged user
59
60 useradd -m -c 'Firstname Lastname' -s /bin/bash <username>
61 passwd <username>
62
63 * Optional install sshd. You can not log in as root, but only with your unprivileged user
64
65 apt update
66 apt install -y openssh-server
67
68 * Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to do other interesting things.
69
70 # Livesystem
71
72 [Video Recording](https://tg.st/u/live.mp4)
73
74 * Prerequisites
75
76 - USB Stick. this is what this guide assumes, but it is also possible
77 to run the Debian livesystem from another PC using m1n1 chainloading.
78 But if you know how to do that, you probably don't need this guide.
79 - If possible use an Ethernet Dongle, less typing.
80
81 * Create USB Stick with a single vfat partition on it and untar the modified Debian installer on it. Instructions for Linux:
82
83 # Identify the usb stick device
84 lsblk
85
86 DEVICE=/dev/sdX
87 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mklabel msdos
88 parted -a optimal $DEVICE mkpart primary fat32 2048s 100%
89 mkfs.vfat ${DEVICE}1
90 mount ${DEVICE}1 /mnt
91 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -C /mnt -xf -
92 umount /mnt
93
94 In order to format the usb stick under Macos, open the disk utility, right-click on the usb stick (usually the lowest device in the list) and select erase. Choose the following options:
95
96 Name: LIVE
97 Format: MS-DOS (FAT)
98 Scheme: Master Boot Record
99
100 Than open a terminal, and run the following commands:
101
102 sudo su -
103 cd /Volumes/LIVE
104 curl -sL https://tg.st/u/asahi-debian-live.tar | tar -xf -
105
106 * You need to run the asahi installer and have either an OS installed or m1n1+UEFI.
107
108 * If you have a EFI binary on the NVMe and want to boot from the usb stick, you need to interrupt u-boot on the countdown by pressing any key and run the following comamnd to boot from usb:
109
110 run bootcmd_usb0
111
112 * Reboot with the USB stick connected, the Debian livesystem should automatically start, if it doesn't load the kernel and initrd manually, you can use tab. For x try 0,1,2,...
113
114 linux (hdX,msdos1)/vmlinuz
115 initrd (hdX,msdos1)/initrd.gz
116 boot
117
118 * Log in as **root** without password.
119
120 * Consult the **[/root/quickstart.txt](https://git.zerfleddert.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi/m1-debian/blob_plain/refs/heads/master:/files/quickstart.txt)** file to find out how to get the networking up, etc.
121
122 # FAQ
123
124 * If I install Debian, will it be easy to update the Asahi work as it develops?
125
126 Yes, long answer below.
127
128 To update the kernel to the lastest "stable" asahi branch you need to run
129 as root:
130
131 apt update
132 apt upgrade
133
134 For installations before 2022-12-12, see <https://thomas.glanzmann.de/asahi/README.txt>
135
136 Later it might be necessary to upgrade the stub parition in order to
137 support the GPU code. As soon as that happens, I'll add the
138 instructions and a video in order to do so, but short version is:
139
140 - Backup /boot/efi/EFI
141 - Delete the old stub and efi/esp partition
142 - Rerun the asahi installer with m1n1+u-boot option
143 - Put the /boot/efi/EFI back
144
145 So, you never need to reinstall Debian. Kernel updates are easy, stub
146 updates are a little bit more cumbersome but also seldom.
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